Profiles of Phenolic Acids and Flavan‐3‐ols for Select Chinese Red Wines: A Comparison and Differentiation According to Geographic Origin and Grape Variety

The profiles of phenolic acids and flavan‐3‐ols for the selected Chinese red wines and the potential of using phenolic acids and flavan‐3‐ols to differentiate the geographic origin and grape variety of wines from China are investigated in this study. Significant differences and markers could be found according to the geographical origin and grape variety. Through a canonical discriminant analysis a good differentiation was developed according to the geographic origin or grape variety, and the accuracy of the discriminant model was 88.9% and 100%, respectively. According to the phenolic acid and flavan‐3‐ols profiles of the wine samples and good differentiation in the region and the variety discriminant analysis, minimal fraudulent claims were noted for the Chinese red wines investigated.     

热应激时奶牛血液中游离氨基酸流向与乳蛋白下降的关系研究

目的:探讨热应激时奶牛血液中氨基酸与乳蛋白的相互关系。方法:选取6头相同泌乳期奶牛,正常饲喂和饮水,实验期35 d(6月29日—8月5日)。每日10:00和18:00记录气温,统计产奶量,每周取全天奶样,Foss乳成分分析仪检测乳蛋白含量。于实验开始第1周和最后1周采集颈静脉血液,反相高效液相色谱法检测血液中游离氨基酸含量。结果:随着气温的升高(由26℃升高至最高38℃),实验奶牛日均产奶量由15.2 kg/d下降至10 kg/d,乳蛋白产量由0.47 kg/d下降至0.31 kg/d。血液中Glu、Asp、Gly和Val等主要的生糖氨基酸(参与糖异生作用)以及Leu、Ile等生酮氨基酸均升高或显著升高(0.01P0.05);总支链氨基酸(Val、Ile、Leu,主要参加免疫反应)含量显著增加(P0.05),在必需氨基酸中所占的比例由54.75%增至67.89%。结论:在夏季高温高湿条件下,奶牛可发生热应激,产奶量和乳蛋白含量均降低,但血液中游离氨基酸,特别是支链氨基酸含量显著升高。提示热应激时奶牛血液中高水平的游离氨基酸并未完全用于乳蛋白的合成,还发挥了除此之外的其他作用,而后者的作用优先于参与乳蛋白的合成,即可能优先作为功能性氨基酸参与了机体的其他活动。     

脂肪酸对酿酒酵母酒精耐性的影响

研究几种不同脂肪酸对酿酒酵母在存活率、生长速率和发酵方面的酒精耐性的影响。结果表明：培养基中添加两种不饱和脂肪酸（棕榈油酸和油酸）能显著增加酵母菌在酒精冲击下的存活率,其中棕榈油酸的效应更强。同时这些存活的酵母菌在含酒精培养基上的生长速率也比普通酵母菌更快,而两种饱和脂肪酸（棕榈酸和硬脂酸）在提高酵母菌存活率和生长速率方面几乎无贡献。同时在添加相同浓度不饱和脂肪酸的条件下,培养至稳定期的酵母菌比对数期酵母菌具有更高的存活率和更好的生长速率。但在发酵方面,添加短链脂肪酸（棕榈油酸和棕榈酸）能够使酵母菌发酵达到较高的酒精体积分数,这个结果与酵母菌生长耐酒精性的结果不一致,表明酵母菌生长和发酵的酒精耐性机制是不同的。     

黄酒前酵中生物胺生成规律的研究

本研究对黄酒前酵工序的生物胺生成规律及影响因素进行了分析探讨。采用反相高效液相色谱技术,改进了生物胺定量检测法,该检测体系准确可靠,样品峰型对称分离度好且缩短了检测时间。分析了前酵工序中主要微生物,氨基酸,发酵醪酸度、糖度、酒精度、p H对生物胺生成的影响。发现前酵工序对成品酒生物胺的影响度为77.67%,第一次开耙阶段生物胺总量增幅最大,达到7.63 mg/L。研究发现主要酿造微生物中乳酸菌总数与生物胺总量成正相关,乳酸菌在搭窝期间生长速率最大,为7.13×106CFU/(m L·h)。在前酵工序中生物胺总量与发酵醪酸度、酒精度、p H呈显著正相关,与糖度呈负相关;前酵过程中主要生物胺与前体氨基酸也呈明显正相关。本研究分析了黄酒前酵中生物胺生成规律,有助于建立降低黄酒生物胺含量的更安全、科学的工艺。     

米糠油不饱和脂肪酸对肝癌细胞HepG_2克隆及迁移能力的影响

本研究采用软琼脂克隆形成和Transwell小室迁移实验观察分析了米糠油不饱和脂肪酸(RBO-UFA)在体外对HepG_2的影响,并通过Western blot检测了凋亡相关因子NF-κB在用RBO-UFA处理前后其表达的变化。Heochst染色结果显示HepG_2经RBO-UFA处理后细胞数量明显减少,胞质浓缩,细胞核内染色质凝集;软琼脂克隆形成检测结果显示HepG_2经RBO-UFA处理后克隆团明显减少,甚至无克隆团出现;迁移检测结果显示亚麻酸和亚油酸抑制HepG_2细胞迁移能力的抑制率分别为47.45±4.60%、41.61±4.08%,其次是米糠油32.85±3.24%,油酸25.55±2.56%(P0.05)。Western Blot结果显示,RBO-UFA处理后HepG_2细胞全蛋白中NF-κB表达水平显著低于正常对照组,米糠油、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸处理组与正常对照组相比,其相对表达量分别降低了0.46±0.017、0.058±0.018、0.25±0.005、0.47±0.011;而在核蛋白中NF-κB表达水平均高于正常对照组,相对表达量分别增加了0.59±0.036、0.053±0.040、0.28±0.043、0.59±0.007(P0.05)。结果表明米糠油不饱和脂肪酸(RBO-UFA)对肝癌细胞HepG_2的克隆形成及迁移具有一定的抑制作用。     

Concentration of Umami Compounds in Pork Meat and Cooking Juice with Different Cooking Times and Temperatures

This study examined the concentrations of umami compounds in pork loins cooked at 3 different temperatures and 3 different lengths of cooking times. The pork loins were cooked with the sous vide technique. The free amino acids (FAAs), glutamic acid and aspartic acid; the 5′‐nucleotides, inosine‐5′‐monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate (AMP); and corresponding nucleoside inosine of the cooked meat and its released juice were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Under the experimental conditions used, the cooking temperature played a more important role than the cooking time in the concentration of the analyzed compounds. The amino acid concentrations in the meat did not remain constant under these experimental conditions. The most notable effect observed was that of the cooking temperature and the higher amino acid concentrations in the released juice of meat cooked at 80 °C compared with 60 and 70 °C. This is most likely due to the heat induced hydrolysis of proteins and peptides releasing water soluble FAAs from the meat into the cooking juice. In this experiment, the cooking time and temperature had no influence on the IMP concentrations observed. However, the AMP concentrations increased with the increasing temperature and time. This suggests that the choice of time and temperature in sous vide cooking affects the nucleotide concentration of pork meat. The Sous vide technique proved to be a good technique to preserve the cooking juice and the results presented here show that cooking juice is rich in umami compounds, which can be used to provide a savory or brothy taste.     

Quantitative UPLC‐MS/MS analysis of chlorogenic acid derivatives in antioxidant fractionates from dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root

While qualitative studies have identified chlorogenic acids in antioxidant extracts, particularly ethyl acetate‐derived extracts, of Taraxacum officinale, quantitative analysis of these phenolic compounds remains largely unreported for this species. In this study, bioactivity‐guided fractionation of an antioxidant crude ethyl acetate extract (DPPH = 295.481 ± 0.955 mg TE g^?1 extract) from T. officinale root resulted in a number of reverse‐phase fractions that demonstrated high antioxidant activity (DPPH = 1058.733–1312.136 mg TE g^?1 extract), stronger than that of the synthetic antioxidant Trolox^®. UPLC‐MS/MS screening of these fractions for the presence of selected mono‐ and di‐caffeoylquinic acids revealed large quantities of 1,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid present in several fractions (853.052–907.324 μg mg^?1), respectively. Due to the antioxidant potency and high levels of 1,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid observed in these fractions, it was concluded that specifically this chlorogenic acid derivative is a major contributor to the antioxidant efficacy of dandelion root.     

Influence of roasting pretreatment on high‐oleic rapeseed oil quality evaluated by analytical and sensory approaches

Qualitative and quantitative effects on the contents of minor components of cold‐pressed high‐oleic rapeseed oil (HORO) were evaluated in a function of different roasting temperatures (80, 100, 120 and 140 °C). Along with roasting temperature elevation, a significant increase in the content of total tocopherols up to 32% (mainly γ‐T homologue) and a slight increase of total sterols concentration (up to 5%) were observed, whereas no significant changes in the fatty acid composition occurred during seeds thermal pretreatment. Additionally, an increased degree of hydrolysis and lipid oxidation was reported; however, obtained results were within codex limits. The peroxide value of the oil ranged from 1.30 to 2.34 mEq O₂ kg^?1, while the acid value did not exceed 0.46 mg/KOH g. Principal component analysis was capable of differentiating between rapeseed oils acquired from seeds pretreated with different roasting temperatures.