Photooxidation and stabilization of photooxidized polyethylene and of its monopolymer blends

The increasing use of products from recycled polymers, or from blends with recycled polymers exposed to the outdoors, implies the need for good weathering resistance. This is particularly important when the recycled material comes, in turn, from products exposed during their lifetime to the sun. In this case the presence of C?O groups in the macromolecular chains strongly increases the photooxidative degradation kinetics of these secondary materials. In this work the change of the photooxidative degradation of blends of virgin and photooxidized polyethylene was evaluated as a function of the C?O content present in the material. As expected, the presence of the C?O groups strongly increases the photooxidation kinetics, as revealed by the increase of the carbonyl compounds, and by the decrease of the elongation at break. It was confirmed that the increase of C?O groups is dependent on the content of the same groups, whereas this is not true for the mechanical properties. The use of UV stabilizer strongly improves the weathering resistance of these materials, which become almost insensitive to the initial amount of C?O groups. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2244–2255, 2004     

"Age and sex differences in reaction time in adulthood: Results from the United Kingdom Health and Lifestyle Survey": Correction.

Reports an error in "Age and sex differences in reaction time in adulthood: Results from the United Kingdom Health and Lifestyle Survey" by Geoff Der and Ian J. Deary (Psychology and Aging, 2006[Mar], Vol 21[1], 62-73). In the article, the link to supplemental material is incorrect. The correct supplemental link follows. Supplemental materials are available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.62.supp. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2006-03906-007.) Reaction times (RTs) slow and become more variable with age. Research samples are typically small, biased, and of restricted age range. Consequently, little is known about the precise pattern of change, whereas evidence for sex differences is equivocal. The authors reanalyzed data for 7,130 adult participants in the United Kingdom Health and Lifestyle Survey, originally reported by F. A. Huppert (1987). The authors modeled the age differences in simple and 4-choice reaction time means and variabilities and tested for sex differences. Simple RT shows little slowing until around 50, whereas choice RT slows throughout the adult age range. The aging of choice RT variability is a function of its mean and the error rate. There are significant sex differences, most notably for choice RT variability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

N—取代烷氧基受阻胺光稳定剂及其应用

介绍了N-取代烷氧基受阻胺的结构、性能、代表性品种及其在聚合物稳定化中的应用。     

碳酸钙与光稳定剂对聚丙烯编织袋防老化性能的影响

研究了重质碳酸钙与受阻铵光稳定剂ＨＡＬＳ相互作用对聚丙烯编织袋防老化性能的影响。结果表明,含有重质碳酸钙≤１．２％且受阻胺光稳定剂Ｔｉｕｎｖｉｎ７７０≥０．１６％的聚丙烯编织袋,可以符合欧洲ＥＮ２７７－９５中抗紫外线试验的规定要求。     

Degradation of HDPE,LLDPE, and blended polyethylene geomembranes in extremely low and high pH mining solutions at 85 °C

The durability of five 1.5-mm thick geomembranes (GMBs) is investigated in pH 0.5 and 13.5 synthetic mining solutions using immersion tests. Two high density polyethylene (HDPE), two linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), and one blended polyethylene (BPO) GMBs are investigated at 85 °C for incubation durations of 4.5–6.5 years. It is shown that the degradation of all five GMBs in the high pH solution is faster than in the low pH solution. In the pH 0.5 solution, one of the HDPEs and the BPO GMBs exhibited polymer degradation before or at the time of the depletion of their antioxidants. In pH 13.5, four out of the five GMBs exhibited degradation and followed the conceptual three-stage degradation model until nominal failure. However, there is no correlation between the long-term performance of these GMBs and their resin type or their initial properties since one of the examined LLDPEs outperformed all the higher density/crystallinity GMBs with higher initial properties while the other LLDPE did not perform well. Thus, when selecting a GMB for a desired application, the relative performance of different candidate GMBs can be only assessed using immersion tests using the solutions expected in the field.     

Long-term performance of a HDPE geomembrane stabilized with HALS in chlorinated water

A high density polyethylene geomembrane (GMB) stabilized with hindered amine (light) stabilizers (HALS or HAS) is immersed in four chlorinated water solutions with a simulated free chlorine concentration range of 0.5–5 ppm at five different temperatures (25, 40, 65, 75, and 85 °C) for 70 months. Standard and high pressure oxidative induction time (OIT) tests are performed to monitor antioxidants depletion while melt flow index, tensile, and stress crack resistance (SCR) tests are conducted to monitor degradation in physical and mechanical properties. Degradation in the GMB properties occurred shortly after immersion in chlorinated water at all temperatures except at 25 °C. Increasing the free chlorine concentration resulted in faster degradation of the tensile properties and SCR. The predicted time to nominal failure based on SCR ranges between 25 years at 40 °C and 5 years at 85 °C in chlorinated water (with 0.5 ppm free chlorine). A comparison between the degradation in SCR of this GMB and a GMB with a different resin and without HALS shows significant difference in their performance in chlorinated water but not in other incubation media.     

New approaches in wood coating stabilization

A major drawback in the use of wood materials for construction and decorative applications is its sensitivity to light. Numerous researchers have shown that the ultraviolet (UV) as well as fractions of the visible (VIS) spectrum of solar radiation cause most of the chemical modification and mechanical breakdown of exposed wood. To insure the long life of wood substrates, they are usually coated with various decorative and protective finishes. The protection effect depends strongly on the opacity, i.e., the degree of pigmentation of the coatings. However, the use of UV absorbers (UVA) and hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) both in the coating system and also in a direct wood impregnation step can improve the light stability considerably. Here the knowledge of the light sensitivity of wood is crucial for an optimal photoprotection concept for coatings and the wood substrate. This paper highlights findings of a systematic investigation of the light sensitivity of pine wood (Pinus radiata). Furthermore, it describes the correlation between quantity and type of organic UVA and HALS as well as the lignin stabilizer concept and the degree of pigmentation of the coating. These findings are of great importance for an efficient and economic use of light stabilizers in film-forming wood coating systems for pale wood species and allow a cost-effective stabilization. Presented at the 5th International Woodcoatings Congress: Enhancing Service Life, organized by the Paint Research Association (PRA), in Prague, Czech Republic, October 17–18, 2006.     

HALS及抗氧剂对聚丙烯辐射致色的影响

研究了在辐照条件下受阻胺光稳定剂（ＨＡＬＳ）、各种抗氧剂及ＨＡＬＳ与抗氧剂并用等对聚丙烯（ＰＰ）的黄度（ＹＩ）的影响。实验发现,添加五甲基ＨＡＬＳ的聚丙烯的黄度均小于添加相应的四甲基ＨＡＬＳ的聚丙烯的黄度。当抗氧剂Ｉｒｇａｎｏｘ１０７６和ＰＤＳ并用时,聚丙烯的黄度比单独添加１０７６或ＰＤＳ的聚丙烯的黄度都低。单独添加１０７６的聚丙烯的黄度比添加抗氧剂Ｉｒｇａｆｏｓ１６８或ＩｒｇａｎｏｘＰＳ－８０２的聚丙烯的黄度都小。当ＰＤＳ和Ｉｒｇａｎｏｘ１０７６并用时聚丙烯的黄度小于ＰＤＳ和Ｉｒｇａｆｏｓ１６８或ＩｒｇａｎｏｘＰＳ－８０２并用时的黄度。辐照后聚丙烯的黄度开始随放置时间很快降低,但随时间增加,黄度的变化逐渐减慢,最后基本保持不变。对结果进行了分析和讨论。     

Online monitoring of the influence of the chemical structure of hindered amines on the hydrolysis of polycarbonate in a polycarbonate/poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) blend by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy

Without stabilization, polycarbonate (PC)/poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) (ABS) blends are susceptible to a loss of mechanical properties after a few days of exposure to weathering conditions. ABS can be stabilized against terrestrial light by the use of hindered amines in combination with a UV absorber; such hindered amines cannot be used when PC is present in the polymer blend. The hydrolysis of PC is accelerated when a small amount of a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) is incorporated into the resin and is exposed to elevated temperatures. In this study, three different HALSs (Tinuvin 123, Tinuvin 770, and Tinuvin 765, Ciba, Basel, Switzerland) were used as UV stabilizers for PC/ABS blends, and their effects on the PC phase were observed with online ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy on extruded flat films. These stabilizers were compounded with the blends in a corotating twin‐screw extruder at 240°C. The molecular weight of the compounded samples was determined by gel permeation chromatography. The extent of degradation induced by the HALSs on the PC phase was found to be a function of its chemical structure. Tinuvin 123 with an amino ether functional group enhanced degradation in comparison with Tinuvin 770 and Tinuvin 765. Tinuvin 770, a secondary amine, was apt to be more reactive than Tinuvin 765, a tertiary amine, because less steric hindrance was experienced by the former. Accelerated aging of the compounded samples was performed. Decreased degradation was observed for the samples containing hindered amines; however, the HALSs alone were not effective in protecting the PC/ABS blends against harmful UV light. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

The effect of grafted TMPM on the radiation resistance of polypropylene

The γ‐radiation–induced graft copolymerization of 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidinyl methacrylate (TMPM) onto polypropylene (PP) was investigated using a simultaneous‐irradiation technique. The effects of solvents, atmospheres, dose, and monomer concentration on the percent of grafting were studied. The grafted TMPM showed better thermal stability, solvent extraction resistance, and compatibility with PP than monomeric TMPM or polymeric PTMPM. The stabilizing effectiveness of grafted TMPM on the radiation resistance of PP was found to be better than that of monomeric TMPM. The combination of grafted TMPM and low molecular weight hindered amine light stabilizers showed higher stabilizing effectiveness. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 2150–2157, 1999