空气中HCI测定的主要影响因素分析

目前测定空气中HCI主要采用硫氰酸汞分光光度法,该法操作比较严格。测试结果的准确度受诸多因素如试剂质量溶液的配制、操作方法、空气采样器流量、连接管、玻璃器皿洗涤、样品运输和保存,空气中微尘的影响,文章对这些影响因素进行了探讨。     

低压组合床重整装置腐蚀调查

重整装置腐蚀类型有高温H2腐蚀、高温H2-H2S腐蚀、有机酸腐蚀、H2S-HCl-H2O腐蚀,针对不同类型的腐蚀,应采取相应的防腐蚀措施。     

催化重整装置的氯化铵结盐与腐蚀问题

由于胜利原油加工量的增加 ,致使催化重整装置原料油中氯含量大幅度上升 (设计值为 10 μg/g ,最高达 74 μg/g) ,因而造成氯化铵结盐并多次发生腐蚀泄漏事故。分析认为 :预加氢进料含水从而造成H2 S -HCl-H2 O腐蚀环境和铵盐水解是造成系统腐蚀的主要原因。与此同时 ,提出了增设并列脱氯罐及提高设备材质等建议。     

Formulation,in vitro evaluation and study of variables on tri-layered gastro-retentive delivery system of diltiazem HCl

Context: Tri-layered floating tablets using only one grade of polyethylene oxide (PEO) would enable easy manufacturing, reproducibility and controlled release for highly soluble drugs.

Objective: To evaluate the potential of PEO as a sole polymer for the controlled release and to study the effect of formulation variables on release and gastric retention of highly soluble Diltiazem hydrochloride (DTZ).

Methods: Tablets were compressed with middle layer consisting of drug and polymer while outer layers consisted of polymer with sodium bicarbonate. Design of formulation to obtain 12?h, zero-order release and rapid floatation was done by varying the grades, quantity of PEO and sodium bicarbonate. Dissolution data were fitted in drug release models and swelling/erosion studies were undertaken to verify the drug release mechanism. Effect of formulation variables and tablet surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy were studied.

Results and discussion: The optimized formula passed the criteria of USP dissolution test I and exhibited floating lag-time of 3–4?min. Drug release was faster from low molecular weight (MW) PEO as compared to high MW. With an increase in the amount of sodium bicarbonate, faster buoyancy was achieved due to the increased CO₂ gas formation. Drug release followed zero-order and gave a good fit to the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, which suggested that drug release was due to diffusion through polymer swelling.

Conclusion: Zero-order, controlled release profile with the desired buoyancy can be achieved by using optimum formula quantities of sodium bicarbonate and polymer. The tri-layered system shows promising delivery of DTZ, and possibly other water-soluble drugs.     

Liquid-liquid extraction and separation of total rare earth (RE) metals from polymetallic manganese nodule leaching solution

The study on the solvent extraction for quantitative and selective separation of total rare earth metals from the polymetallic nodule leach liquor was investigated. The typical leach liquor bearing 0. 094 g/L total rare earth, 0. 23 g/L Mn, 0.697 g/L Cu, 0.2 g/L Fe, 0.01 g/L Co and 0.735 g/L Ni was subjected to the removal iron content by precipitation method using Ca(OH)2 at pH 3.95, prior to solvent extraction of rare earth metals. Three different organo-phosphoric acid reagents(D2EHPA, PC88 A, Cyanex 272) were used to ascertain their performances and selectivity towards the loading of rare earth metals in presence of other base metals. Based on the results of eq. pH effect, the performances of above three extractants followed the order as: D2EHPA>PC88A>Cyanex 272. To ensure the absence of extraction of base metals(Cu, Co, Ni), the eq. pH of the solution was optimized at the level of 2.21, though higher rare earth metal extraction efficiency was observed at higher eq. pH with either of the extractants. The complete process flow diagram for substantial recovery of total rare earth was developed using D2 EHPA. Extraction isotherm plot was constructed at A:O=12:1, 3-stages and pHe=2.21, using 0.8 mol/L D2 EHPA and the predicted condition of this study was further confirmed by 6-Cycles Counter Current Simulation(CCS) study. The stripping of total rare earth from loaded organic phase(LO) was conducted using HCl solution. Mc-Cabe Thiele diagram study carried out at A:O=1:5 using 4 mol/L HCl showed that three theoretical stages were needed for quantitative stripping of total rare earth. The subsequent stripped solution resulted thus led to contain total rare earth of 5.6 g/L indicating a very high enrichment of total metals by solvent extraction(SX) process.     

三乙烯四胺在HCl-H2S-H2O体系中对20钢的缓蚀作用

炼厂塔顶系统多为典型的HCl-H2S-H2O腐蚀环境,常采用有机胺中和剂来改善系统的防腐蚀性能,但对其详细作用过程研究不够。为此,利用极化曲线和电化学阻抗,结合扫描电镜和能谱分析,研究了三乙烯四胺（TETA）对20钢在90℃的HCl-H2S-H2O溶液中的缓蚀作用。结果表明：中和缓蚀剂TETA的加入可有效地抑制20钢的...     

盐酸溶液中Tween-80和CTAB对Q235钢的缓蚀协同作用

目的 探究Tween-80（失水山梨醇单油酸酯聚氧乙烯醚）和CTAB（十六烷基三甲基溴化铵）共同存在于盐酸溶液中时,两者对钢材的缓蚀协同作用。方法 采用失重法、极化曲线、阻抗谱、协同参数、SEM图和AFM图,对钢材腐蚀的电化学特征、Tween-80和CTAB的协同作用效果以及钢材腐蚀后的表面形貌进行探究。结果 在各反应温度下,当不同浓度Tween-80与2?10?5 mol/L CTAB共同作用于1 mol/L盐酸溶液中时,腐蚀电流密度显著减小,电荷转移电阻显著增大。复配缓蚀剂属于混合型缓蚀剂,能够同时抑制阴极和阳极反应,其缓蚀效率随反应温度升高而下降。当反应温度为30、40、50 ℃时,复配缓蚀剂分别在Tween-80浓度为5?10?6、2?10?5、2?10?5 mol/L的条件下达到最佳缓蚀效果,最佳缓蚀效率分别为97.05%、94.00%和93.96%。SEM图和AFM图显示,钢材在含复配缓蚀剂的盐酸溶液中反应12 h后,表面平坦,平均粗糙度很小。结论 Tween-80与CTAB以一定浓度共同存在于盐酸溶液中时,两者之间具有很好的协同作用。复配缓蚀剂能够显著提高缓蚀效率,有效地抑制钢材的腐蚀。     

老化处理试验对铜箔与树脂基板的附着性的影响

概述了镀锌的铜箔暴露于老化处理氛围中（313K,90％RH,168h）以后,铜箔上镀锌层的取向和HCl浸渍后的剥离损失对附着性的影响。试验结果表明箔镀层（0002）取向的锌基面比其它取向具有较低的HCl浸渍后的剥离损失。     

Effect of semicrystalline copolymers in solid dispersions of pioglitazone hydrochloride: in vitro-in vivo correlation

Objective: The study was aimed to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of developed stable amorphous solid dispersions (SDs) of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGH), a poorly water-soluble drug.

Significance: Poor aqueous solubility of PGH was overcome by the design of SDs. Level A correlation demonstrated between in vitro release and bioavailability of PGH, suggest its biowaiver potential.

Methods: The effects of semicrystalline copolymers (poloxamer 407 and gelucire 50/13) and methods of preparations on dissolution behavior, in vivo performance, and stability of PGH SDs were investigated. All the SDs were characterized by FTIR, TGA, DSC, XRD, and SEM.

Results: FTIR and TGA showed the compatibility with the polymers. The significant change in melting pattern of the PGH observed in the DSC thermograms supported by XRD patterns & SEM indicated a change from a crystalline to an amorphous state. Gelucire 50/13 was observed to have greater ability to form SDs than poloxamer 407 in solvent evaporation method (SM). Prevention of recrystallization during storage suggested stability of the formulation. Gelucire 50/13 based SD, prepared by SM remarkably increased the dissolution within 15?min (87.27?±?2.25%) and was supported by dissolution parameters (Q₁₅, IDR, RDR, % DE, f₁, f₂). These SDs showed pH-dependent solubility. In vivo test showed significantly (p?<?.05) higher AUC_0–t and C_max, which were about 3.17 and 4.34 times that of the pure drug respectively.

Conclusion: Gelucire 50/13 was found to be a suitable carrier for SM for preparation of SDs of PGH as evident from increased dissolution and bioavailability.