水利水电工程索赔的原因及方法对策探讨

在水利水电工程施工过程中,工程索赔是重要组成部分之一,是整个合同管理的重要内容。因此,必须对此给以高度重视,避免水利水电工程施工过程中出现较大事故。本文就水利水电工程索赔的类型进行了阐述,对水利水电工程索赔的原因进行了分析,提出了水利水电工程索赔的方法对策。有效降低了水利水电工程的施工成本,提高了水利水电工程的经济效益。     

寻找索赔机会 实现索赔创效

以具体工程为例,介绍了施工企业通过合理索赔增加收益的经验,从优化合同条款,利用政策法规,结算中强化补差索赔三方面进行了阐述,总结了索赔工作的成功运作要点。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban surface dust of Guangzhou, China: Status, sources and human health risk assessment

Ninety-six urban surface dust samples collected from Guangzhou, a typical urban center in South China, were analyzed for 16 PAHs (2-6 rings). ∑ PAHs concentrations in the urban surface dust ranged from 0.84 to 12.3 μg/g with a mean of 4.80 μg/g. High molecular weight compounds (4-6 rings) contributed to 62 to 94% of ∑ PAHs mass in the surface dust samples. Four hotspots with highest ∑ PAHs were identified via kriging prediction mapping, representing the highly-urbanized regions: central downtown, highway and industrial area. Two major origins of PAHs inputs to urban surface dust were identified as vehicle emissions (51.9%) and coal combustion (26.8%). The 95% UCL of Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) due to human exposure to urban surface dust PAHs in central South China was 3.03 × 10⁻⁶ for children and 2.92 × 10⁻⁶ for adults.     

不同园林景观类型对老年人身心健康影响研究

众多研究表明自然景观相对于人工环境对人身心健康具有积极作用,本研究试图进一步探析不同景观类型对老年人的身心健康影响,以期获得老年人康复景观环境的设计依据。实验以中国杭州地区为例,选取草坪、水体、山林、农田、湿地5种景观,以室内环境作为对照,测试老年人身处其中的肌电反应值和精神疲劳恢复度。结果表明:老年人在自然景观中的身体放松效果明显好于室内,并且整体上产生较好的精神疲劳恢复。山林景观的放松效果最为显著,草坪景观次之,水体、农田和湿地相对较弱;老人在精神疲劳恢复中远离性感受最强;女性在山林和湿地景观中获得比男性更积极的身体反应。基于研究结果探讨了有利于老年人身心康复的景观设计策略。     

索赔是施工企业提高经济效益的重要手段

介绍施工企业索赔的作用、使用条件和有关的管理手段。     

Health effects of exposure to nano-TiO2: a meta-analysis of experimental studies

The paper is aimed to investigate the toxicity of nano-TiO₂ and its potential harmful impact on human health using meta-analysis of in vitro and short-time animal studies. Data were retrieved according to included and excluded criteria from 1994 to 2011. The combined toxic effects of nano-TiO₂ were calculated by the different endpoints by cell and animal models. From analysis of the experimental studies, more than 50% showed positive statistical significance except the apoptosis group, and the cytotoxicity was in a dose-dependent but was not clear in size-dependent manner. Nano-TiO₂ was detained in several important organs including the liver, spleen, kidney, and brain after entering the blood through different exposure routes, but the coefficient of the target organs was altered slightly from animal models. It is possible that nano-TiO₂ can induce cell damage related to exposure size and dose. Further studies will be needed to demonstrate that nanoparticles have toxic effects on human body, especially in epidemiological studies.     

Incidence of adenoviruses in raw and treated water

Adenoviruses are of major public health importance and are associated with a variety of clinical manifestations, i.e. gastroenteritis, eye infections and respiratory infections. The importance of water in the epidemiology of adenoviruses and the potential health risks constituted by adenoviruses in water sources and supplies are widely recognised. This study was conducted to assess the incidence of human adenoviruses in raw and treated water systems. Various raw and treated water were routinely monitored for the presence of adenoviruses, over a 1-year period (July 2000-June 2001). The supplies were derived from acceptable quality surface water sources using treatment processes, which conform to international standards for the production of safe drinking water. Adenoviruses were detected by firstly amplifying the viruses in cell cultures and then amplifying the extracted nucleic acids of these viruses using molecular techniques (nested PCR). The results indicated human adenoviruses present in 13 (12.75%) of the raw and 9 (4.41%) of the treated water samples tested. The combination of cell culture and nested PCR has proved to be a quick and reliable method for the detection of adenoviruses in water environments.     

浅议施工索赔的特征

结合具体工程实践，阐述了施工索赔的含义，介绍了索赔应具备的条件，从索赔的必然性、合理性、相互性、预防性和复杂性等方面探讨了索赔的基本特征，以便合同管理人员正确认识和处理索赔。     

基子485总线的分布武体质健康测试系统的研究和实观

介绍如何将工业控制领域广泛使用的分布式系统与智能电子体质健康测试仪相结合。重点介绍了网络协议的设计与实现过程。