Parametric sensitivity study of operating and design variables in wellbore heat exchangers

A numerical study was conducted to evaluate the potential for using Wellbore Heat Exchangers (WBHX) to extract heat for use in electricity generation. Variables studied included operational parameters such as wellbore geometries, working fluid properties, circulation rates, and regional properties including basal heat flux and formation rock type. Energy extraction is strongly affected by fluid residence time, heat transfer contact area, and formation thermal properties. Water appears to be the most appropriate working fluid. The effects of tubing properties and casing lengths are of second-order.On the basis of a sensitivity study, a Best Case model was simulated, and results compared against the geothermal fluid requirements of existing power generation plants that use low-temperature geothermal fluids. Even assuming ideal work conversion to electricity, a WBHX cannot supply sufficient energy to generate 200 kWe at the onset of pseudo-steady-state (PSS) conditions. Using realistic conversion efficiencies it is unlikely that the system would be able to generate 50 kWe at the onset of PSS.     

Two-dimensional thermal analysis of a polygonal fin with two tubes on a square pitch

The boundary element method (BEM) has been used to investigate the two-dimensional temperature distribution and the flow of heat from a polygonal fin with two tubes on a square pitch. This numerical method is shown to be convergent, stable and consistent. The resultant heat flows from the fin and the tubes are presented in the form of fin performance ratios. The values of the two-dimensional fin performance ratios are almost identical to those obtained for a single radial rectangular fin of equivalent surface area. The one-dimensional fin performance indicators, fin performance ratio or fin efficiency can be used to predict the heat flows. However, the two-dimensional temperature distributions have revealed the existence of conductive paths between the two tubes depending upon the fin dimensions, the values of the heat transfer and material thermal conductivity, and the magnitude of the temperature differences between the two tubes and the surrounding air.     

Spray impingement cooling with single- and multiple-nozzle arrays. Part I: Heat transfer data using FC-72

With electronic packages becoming more dense and powerful, traditional methods of thermal energy removal are reaching their limits. One method of direct contact cooling capable of removing high heat fluxes while still being compact in size is spray impingement cooling, but its heat transfer behavior is not understood well enough to enable systematic, practical system design. This work presents the results of a large parametric study of spray cooling using a number of different nozzle patterns. It was found that nozzles that use the fluid most efficiently to remove thermal energy were limited by low peak heat fluxes and that the highest peak heat fluxes were obtained when phase change was avoided. Multiple nozzle arrays allowed for higher peak heat fluxes but used fluid inefficiently due to interactions between neighboring sprays. In general, the geometric pattern of the nozzle arrays had little effect on overall heat transfer performance.     

Theoretical study on impingement heat transfer with single-phase free-surface slot jets

A theoretical analysis was conducted to characterize heat transfers from horizontal surfaces to normally impinging slot jets under arbitrary-heat-flux condition. The thermal and hydraulic boundary layers of laminar flow were divided into four regions of flow along heat transfer surfaces including a stagnation zone and three wall jet zones, from which general expressions of heat transfer coefficients were obtained. Furthermore, these results were compared with experimental and analytical data available in published literature. Good agreements were observed from the comparisons.     

Design of a novel, intensified heat exchanger for reduced fouling rates

This paper describes an integrated approach into the design and evaluation of a novel tube bundle heat exchanger that achieves higher heat transfer levels at lower levels of pressure drop, while remaining less susceptible to gas-side fouling. The approach combines laboratory scale experiments with industrial observations and numerical simulations of full-scale heat exchangers to study the thermal, hydraulic and fouling characteristics of tube bundle heat exchangers. Three arrangements are compared and the advantages of the proposed novel arrangement are demonstrated. Enhanced heat transfer rates are combined with reduced pressure drop and gas-side fouling rates through careful design of the shape of the tube cross-section and reduced transverse spacing.     

Two-Dimensional Problem of a Crack in Thermoelectric Materials

The two-dimensional problem of a crack in thermoelectric materials is studied in this research. The general solution is derived based on the complex variable method. For the case of a crack subjected to remote electric current and heat flow, the solutions are obtained in closed-form. The results show that the fields of heat flow, electric current, and stress exhibit traditional square-root singularity at the crack tip. The remote electric current produces both type I and II stress intensity factor. Furthermore, the stress intensity factor has a linear relationship with the heat flux, but a non-linear relationship with the electric current.     

Two-Dimensional Green's Function for Thermal Stresses in a Semi-Layer Under a Point Heat Source

We present specific new expressions for thermal stresses as Green's functions for a plane boundary value problem of steady-state thermoelasticity for a semi-layer. We also obtain new integration formulas of Green's type, which determine the thermal stresses in the form of integrals of the products of the given distributed internal heat source, boundary temperature, and heat flux and derived kernels. Elementary functions results obtained are formulated in a theorem, which is proved using the harmonic integral representations method to derive thermal stresses Green's functions, which are written in terms of Green's functions for Poisson's equation. A new solution to particular two-dimensional boundary value problem for a semi-layer under a boundary constant temperature gradient is obtained in explicit form. Graphical presentations for thermal stresses Green's functions created by a unit heat source (line load in out-of-plane direction) and by a temperature gradient are also included.     

大功率发光二极管的热管理及其散热设计

对大功率发光二极管的散热路径及其相应的热阻进行了分析和计算。利用商业计算流体力学软件对大功率发光二极管进行热流分析及散热优化设计。理论计算结果表明,PN结到环境之间的总热阻为28.67℃/W;当LED耗散功率为1 W、环境温度为25℃时,结温为53.67℃。模拟结果显示,在同样工作条件下,大功率发光二极管的结温为54.85℃,与理论计算结果相吻合。当散热面积达到一定值时,散热效果基本不变。因此,从降低产品成本出发,散热器的面积有一限值范围。当散热器的鳍片垂直向左时,空气流体流向上无阻碍,其散热效果最好,结温最低。     

Analytical wide-band modeling of high frequency resistance in integrated spiral inductors

For integrated spiral inductor synthesis, designers and design automation tools require efficient modeling techniques during the initial design space exploration process. In this paper, we introduce an analytical frequency-dependent resistance model for integrated spiral inductors. Based on our resistance formulation, we have developed a systematic technique for creating wide-band circuit models for accurate time domain simulation. The analytical resistance model provides a fast alternative to field solver-based approaches with typical errors of less than 2.6 percent while surpassing the accuracy of several other analytical modeling techniques by an order of magnitude. Furthermore, the wide-band circuit generation technique captures the frequency-dependent resistance of the inductor with typical errors of less than 3.2 percent.     

泡沫陶瓷填料表面的热、质传递过程研究

针对直接蒸发冷却系统,考虑了因水蒸发或凝结而引起的水的质量变化和空气的质量变化,推导出描述泡沫陶瓷填料表面以湿空气与冷水的温差和水蒸气分压力差为驱动力的热质传递过程的微分方程组,建立了模型。利用实验数据对数值解进行了验证,分析了干空气质量流速和冷水质量流速对泡沫陶瓷填料热质传递性能的影响。