Grain Boundaries in Cu(In,Ga)Se2: A Review of Composition–Electronic Property Relationships by Atom Probe Tomography and Correlative Microscopy

Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ thin-film solar cells have attracted significant research interest in recent decades due to their high efficiency in converting solar energy into electricity for enabling a sustainable future. Although the Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ absorber can be grown as a single crystal, its polycrystalline form is dominating the market not only due to its lower costs, but also due to its unexpectedly higher cell efficiency. However, this absorber contains a high fraction of grain boundaries. These are structural defects where deep-trap states can be localized leading to an increase in recombination activity. This controversy is mirrored in the existing literature studies where two main contradictory believes exist: 1) to be crucial grain boundaries in Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ absorber are anomalous, being benign in terms of cell performance, and 2) grain boundaries are regions characterized by an increased recombination activity leading to deteriorated cell performance. Therefore, the present review tackles this issue from a novel perspective unraveling correlations between chemical composition of grain boundaries and their corresponding electronic properties. It is shown that features such as Cu depletion/In enrichment, segregation of 1-2at.% of alkali dopants, and passivation by a wide-bandgap or type inversion at grain boundaries are crucial ingredients for low open-circuit voltage loss and, hence, for superior cell performance.     

LTE语音目标解决方案—VoLTE技术

文章对LTE网络下的目标语音解方案-VoLTE技术做了详细的分析,涉及VoLTE技术实现的各个层面,包括VoLTE技术的基本架构、基本业务流程、设备功能要求和互通技术等,并对几种LTE语音解决方案的应用进行了比较和总结。     

In situ X-ray diffraction study of self-forming barriers from a Cu-Mn alloy in 100 nm Cu/low-k damascene interconnects using synchrotron radiation

An in situ study of self-forming barriers from a Cu-Mn alloy was performed to investigate the barrier growth using X-ray diffraction on damascene lines. The associated evolution in interconnect texture and Cu stress was also observed. The shift in Cu diffraction peak position was used to determine the change in Mn concentration and hence, estimate the thickness of the MnSi_xO_y barrier. The observed peak shift followed a log(t) behaviour and is described well by metal oxidation kinetics, following the field enhanced diffusion model. We used multiple anneal temperatures to study the activation of the formation process, demonstrating a faster barrier formation with higher ion excitation. A strong [1 1 1] Cu texture was shown to develop during the anneal in contrast to traditional PVD barrier systems. Finally, the stress in the 100 nm Cu lines was calculated, observing a large in-plane relaxation when using a self-forming barrier due to reduced confinement.     

1.55μm In_(1 - x - y) Ga_y Al_x As压缩应变量子阱激光器的近似阱宽和光增益公式

应用 Harrison模型和各向异性抛物带近似理论计算了 In1- x- y Gay Alx As压缩应变量子阱的能带结构 .为设计 1.55μm发射波长的激光器 ,对可能组分范围内材料的阱宽、微分增益、透明载流子浓度做了系统分析 ,得到一些有用的拟合公式     

微波水解法制备In2O3纳米颗粒及气敏性能研究

以InCl3.4H2O为原料,用微波水解法制备In2O3纳米颗粒,并用TEM、XRD对合成材料的形貌和结构进行了表征。结果表明,所制的产品为球形In2O3,平均粒径为20 nm;用静态配气法测试了材料的气敏特性,与恒温水解制备的氧化铟材料的气敏特性基本一致。5.0 V加热电压下,对50×10–6酒精蒸气有较好的气敏性能,灵敏度为9.51,响应/恢复时间为6 s/6 s。     

ATM网络中VBR复用器的硬件实现

提出了一种用于ＡＴＭ网络中ＶＢＲ业务的复用器设计方案,探讨了如何将一种基于令牌 桶控制的ＵＰＣ算法用于ＡＴＭ统计复用器的信源接入控制,并用“在系统编程技术”加以硬件实现。     

Thermoelectric Effect Spectroscopy and Photoluminescence of High-Resistivity CdTe:In

Thermoelectric effect spectroscopy and photoluminescence techniques were used to study the defect levels in samples from three crystals of CdTe:In grown by the vertical gradient freeze method. The main goal of the investigation was to study defects, which strongly trap charge carriers or act as recombination centers in order to eliminate them from the technological process. The main difference among detecting and non-detecting samples was the absence of electron traps with a very high capture cross-section and energy 0.6 eV to 0.7 eV, which act as lifetime killers even at low concentrations. Recently published ab initio calculations show a complex of Te antisite and Cd vacancy within this energy range.     

A comparison of biological activities of a new soya biopeptide studied in an in vitro skin equivalent model and human volunteers

During aging, the epidermis and dermis become thin and an efficient anti-aging product should be able to stimulate the metabolism of senescent fibroblast and keratinocytes, in order to increase the quantity of extra-cellular matrix components such as collagen and glycosaminoglycans. A study performed in parallel on an in vitro skin equivalent model, and in vivo, with human volunteers, demonstrated the efficacy of one specific soya biopeptide for anti-aging properties. Such a biopeptide induces a significant increase of glycosaminoglycans synthesis in vitro and in vivo after a one-month treatment. We also showed that this new cosmetic ingredient is able to stimulate favourably the collagen synthesis in vitro and in vivo. This study provided the proof for anti-aging properties of a new soya biopeptide and also validated the skin equivalent model developed for this experimentation as an alternative method to animal or human testing for some cosmetic efficacy evaluations.     

掺碳氧化铟薄膜的铁磁性研究

采用磁控溅射法在Si(100)衬底上制备了掺碳氧化铟(In2O3:C)薄膜,溅射过程分别在衬底温度为室温和550℃的条件下进行。通过测试所制In2O3:C薄膜的XRD谱和磁化曲线,研究了In2O3:C薄膜的结构和铁磁性能,并探讨了其铁磁性的起源。结果显示,随着含碳量的增加,In2O3:C薄膜的饱和磁化强度先增大后减小;此外,氧空位缺陷浓度高的样品其铁磁性也更强,这表明氧空位缺陷与In2O3:C薄膜的铁磁性起源有直接的关系。     

In Situ Study of Nanostructure and Electrical Resistance of Nanocluster Films Irradiated with Ion Beams

An in situ study is reported on the structural evolution in nanocluster films under He⁺ ion irradiation using an advanced helium ion microscope. The films consist of loosely interconnected nanoclusters of magnetite or iron‐magnetite (Fe‐Fe₃O₄) core‐shells. The nanostructure is observed to undergo dramatic changes under ion‐beam irradiation, featuring grain growth, phase transition, particle aggregation, and formation of nanowire‐like network and nanopores. Studies based on ion irradiation, thermal annealing and electron irradiation have indicated that the major structural evolution is activated by elastic nuclear collisions, while both electronic and thermal processes can play a significant role once the evolution starts. The electrical resistance of the Fe‐Fe₃O₄ films measured in situ exhibits a super‐exponential decay with dose. The behavior suggests that the nanocluster films possess an intrinsic merit for development of an advanced online monitor for fast neutron radiation with both high detection sensitivity and long‐term applicability, which can enhance safety measures in many nuclear operations.