Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection of 1,4-Dioxane in Palm-Based Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates

During the ethoxylation of fatty alcohol, 1,4-dioxane, a toxic by-product may be formed. A simple and rapid method using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector was developed for detection of 1,4-dioxane in commercial palm-based fatty alcohol ethoxylate (FAEO). The method involved spiking the 1,4-dioxane into FAEO samples, and directly injecting the spiked samples into GC with no clean-up steps. The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, intra-day precision and inter-day precision, selectivity, limit of detection and limit of quantification. In terms of linearity, a calibration curve with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 was obtained. The accuracy of the method was indicated by recovery obtained for spiked 1,4-dioxane samples at 5 levels of spiking, i.e. at 30, 60, 100, 200 and 500 μg/g, where recoveries were within 99–105 % with relative standard deviation (RSD) of <4.0 %. The RSD values of the intra-day and inter-day precision were <1.0 %. The limit of detection and quantification was 10 and 30 μg/g, respectively. The selectivity of the method was indicated by its ability to analyze commercial FAEO samples with different average moles of ethylene oxide (EO). The GC profiles of these FAEO with varying numbers of moles of EO were similar, and there were no other peaks interfering with the 1,4-dioxane peak.     

A Modified Indigo Method for the Determination of Ozone in Nonaqueous Solvents

The indigo method for the analysis of aqueous ozone was modified to allow analysis of dissolved ozone in nonaqueous liquid phases. The method was tested using the solvent decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 245 and a vegetable oil. The molar absorptivity at 600 nm of the indigo trisulphonate molecule was re-checked and found to be 20,069 ± 412 L mol^?1 cm^?1 which is in agreement with the generally accepted value. Linear correlation between liquid phase and gas phase ozone concentrations confirmed that ozone solubility in decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 245 obeyed Henry's law with a constant of 1.71 ± 0.09 mg L^?1 per mg L^?1 in the gas phase. Ozone solubility in the vegetable oil followed a power law model with k = 0.148 and n = 0.767 (liquid and gas phase concentrations in mg L^?1). The stoichiometry of the reaction between ozone in the nonaqueous phase and indigo trisulfonate in acidic solution was also confirmed as being about one. Moreover, the reaction products were confirmed by chromatographic analysis. This method was found effective to analyze ozone in nonaqueous solvents with a lower limit of detection of 2.6 μg L^?1 and upper limit of detection of 142.7 mg L^?1.     

Numerical simulation of particle formation in the rapid expansion of supercritical solution process

In this paper, we numerically study particle formation in the rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) process in a two dimensional, axisymmetric geometry, for a benzoic acid + CO₂ system. The fluid is described by the classical Navier–Stokes equation, with the thermodynamic pressure being replaced by a generalized pressure tensor. Homogenous particle nucleation, transport, condensation and coagulation are described by a general dynamic equation, which is solved using the method of moments. The results show that the maximal nucleation rate and number density occurs near the nozzle exit, and particle precipitation inside the nozzle might not be ignored. Particles grow mainly across the shocks. Fluid in the shear layer of the jet shows a relatively low temperature, high nucleation rate, and carries particles with small sizes. On the plate, particles within the jet have smaller average size and higher geometric mean, while particles outside the jet shows a larger average size and a lower geometric mean. Increasing the preexpansion temperature will increase both the average particle size and standard deviation. The preexpansion pressure does not show a monotonic dependency with the average particle size. Increasing the distance between the plate and the nozzle exit might decrease the particle size. For all the cases in this paper, the average particle size on the plate is on the order of tens of nanometers.     

Investigation on Electrocatalytic Activity and Stability of Pt/C Catalyst Prepared by Facile Solvothermal Synthesis for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

Pt nanoparticles supported on Vulcan XC‐72 carbon black have been synthesized by a facile solvothermal method. The obtained Pt/C catalysts are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDAX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis to identify Pt mean size and Pt content. The results of electrochemical measurements demonstrate that the Pt/C catalyst prepared at the reaction temperature of 140 °C and the reaction time of 2 h shows the biggest initial electrochemical area with an initial electrochemically active specific surface area (ESA) of 70.6 m²g_Pt⁻¹, the highest electrocatalytic stability with an ESA loss of 48.7% after 1,000 CV cycles, and the best electrocatalytic activity and stability toward methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) with a specific activity of 0.6 mA cm⁻² and a retention rate (the ratio of the final current density to the maximum current density) after 3,600 s of 42.8%. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of homemade Pt/C catalyst is superior to that of commercial Pt/C catalyst, suggesting that the solvothermal synthesis is a promising method for preparing Pt based catalyst.     

交联聚乙烯绝缘电力电缆受潮的处理

针对潮气或水分进入交联聚乙烯电力电缆绝缘内的情况,现场采用灌入干燥气体、然后通过干燥气体吸收潮气后抽出,通过表计观测,直到电缆满足实际运行要求.     

Y-△起动接线方式的改进

主要阐述传统Y-△起动接线的不足,通过改进接线方式,实现了Y接起动时降低流过KY接触器主触点的电流,并解决了因各种原因造成电动机Y接法所不能转换成△接,从而保证电动机安全、可靠的运行。     

基本几何体类建筑编辑趋向探讨

基本几何体在建筑的形体塑造中一直处于主导地位．基本几何形体在现代美学与社会条件的综合作用下走向前台并逐渐占据主导地位,又在人文与现代科学的否定扣冲压下,编辑方式不断发生受化论文从几个侧面论述了变化的原固和发展趋向。     

具有三级索引词库结构的中文分词方法研究

提出了一种分组并具有三级索引结构的词库组织体系,给出了合适的索引密度间隔;针对系统基本词库的扩充问题,考虑了一种基于词频统计并具有过滤功能的关键词自动抽取和小词条添加方法。大量仿真实验结果表明,采用该方法可较大提高中文文本的切词速度及信息的查全查准率。     

Rabin密码算法的快速实现研究

首先分析了利用MRC方法改进Rabin密码的解密算法,然后结合素性测试的优化策略和运算数与Visual C++6.0的特性,提出一种基于递归技术的快速素性测试方法。     

化学法处理电镀工业园生产废水技术应用

本文介绍化学法处理电镀废水的应用实例。通过对废水中污染物去除效果的分析,说明该工艺处理电镀废水效果好,运行稳定,操作简单,适宜处理电镀工业园的生产废水。