Simultaneous determination of bisphenol A,octylphenol, and nonylphenol by pressurised liquid extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in powdered milk and infant formulas

A new analytical method, using pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), was developed for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A (BPA), octylphenol (OP) and nonylphenol (NP) in powdered infant formulas (IF) and powdered skimmed milk (PM). The analytes were extracted by PLE, using this optimised conditions: ethyl acetate as solvent, 70 °C of temperature, reversed-phase silica C₁₈ as dispersing agent and three cycles of extraction. The extracts were then injected in LC–MS/MS using a Gemini C₁₈ column and a mixture of 5% water and 95% methanol/acetonitrile, both with 0.1% ammonia, as a mobile phase. Recoveries at different fortification levels (0.5 and 0.05 mg kg⁻¹), were between 89% and 92% for BPA, 84 and 98% for OP, and 93% and 101% for NP. The method was applied to the analysis of samples of PM and IF, bought in Italian and Spanish markets. In positive samples, phenols concentration ranged from 0.07 to 1.29 mg kg⁻¹ for BPA, from 0.028 to 1.55 mg kg⁻¹ for OP and from 0.026 to 1.47 mg kg⁻¹ for NP.     

Aflatoxin M 1 contamination in commercial samples of milk and dairy products in Kuwait

As part of the programme on monitoring of environmental contaminants in food stuffs in Kuwait, 54 samples of fresh full cream and skimmed milk, powdered milk, yoghurt, and infant formula were analysed for aflatoxin M 1 (AFM 1 ) by HPLC following sample clean up using immuno-affinity columns. Of samples, 28% were contaminated with AFM 1 with 6% being above the maximum permissible limit of 0.2 μg l -1 . Three fresh cow milk samples collected from a private local producer showed the highest level of 0.21 μg l -1 AFM 1 . There was no contamination with AFM 1 in powdered milk and infant formulas. These results show the necessity of a survey involving a larger number of milk and its products and suggest that presently the contamination of milk and milk products with AFM 1 does not appear to be a serious health problem in Kuwait. Nevertheless, a continuous surveillance programme may be warranted to monitor regularly the occurrence of aflatoxins in the animal feeds responsible for current limited contamination and to note rapidly any worsening in the situation that may depend on market changes or on unfavourable climatic developments.     

Development of a fortified peanut‐based infant formula for recovery of severely malnourished children

A peanut milk‐based infant formula was developed from peanuts. The effects of extraction pH and temperature on the yield and protein content of spray‐dried peanut milk were evaluated. Peanut‐based infant formulas (PBIF‐75) was developed using spray‐dried peanut milk and a premix of vitamins and minerals. Physical properties, approximate composition, minerals, vitamins and amino acid composition, and caloric value of PBIF‐75 were evaluated and compared to those of soya‐based infant formula (SBIF) and World Health Organization (WHO) F‐75. Spray‐dried peanut milk yield was 15–18% with a protein content of 30–45%, depending on the extraction pH and temperature. PBIF‐75 was nearly identical to WHO F‐75 in terms of amino acid profile, most vitamins and minerals, proximate composition, caloric value, and physicochemical characteristics such as water activity and colour. However, few of the vitamins and minerals in PBIF‐75 will require further adjustment to fully meet WHO’s requirements of a recovery formula for undernourished infants.     

Geographical,seasonal and formula-specific variations in the selenium levels of infant formulae

Fortification of infant formulae with selenium (Se) is currently under consideration by manufacturers and regulatory bodies. However, information on the endogenous Se levels of infant formulae is largely lacking. The objective of this study was to describe the seasonal-, geographic- and formula-specific variations in endogenous Se levels of infant formulae.     

Developmental Outcome of Drug-Exposed Children Through 30 Months: A Comparison of Bayley and Bayley-II.

This study examined the effects of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) version on developmental outcomes among drug-exposed children, some of whom received an intervention. Developmental outcome was evaluated with the BSID at 12 and 18 months and with the BSID-II at 24 and 30 months. In the repeated measures analyses, children scored higher on the BSID Mental Developmental Index (MDI; p     

Poor hygiene practices in infant formulae reconstitution and inappropriate storage of feeding bottles can cause spoilage issues by Serratia marcescens

The application of good hygiene practices for the reconstitution of infant formulae, preparation and consumption of feeding bottles, according to manufacturer’s instructions, is essential to ensure the microbiological safety and quality of feeding bottles. This study investigated the growth of Serratia marcescens, a bacterium widely present in home environments with the ability to cause pink coloration resulting from growth in intentionally contaminated reconstituted infant formulae, stored at 32 °C (as a simulation of inappropriate storage in tropical regions). In addition, poor hygiene practices such as lack of bottle wash after use, inadequate bottle washing and heat sanitisation, or use of contaminated kitchen cloths to wipe dry sterilised baby bottles were investigated as leading causes of microbial contamination and transfer during preparation of feeding bottles.Infant formulae powders represent a negligible risk of S. marcescens contamination, because finished product specifications require absence of Enterobacteriaceae (EB), and all lots are tested for absence of EB before release.The results of the simulation of inadequate hygiene practices during preparation of feeding bottles showed that bottles or reconstituted milk can be readily contaminated with S. marcescens by using a dirty cloth. The resulting contamination level in prepared milk was as high as 4 log CFU/mL. A similar contamination level was associated with inappropriate bottle washing and sanitation. Poor hygiene practices leading to such contamination levels are undesirable even if the feeding bottles are consumed immediately. S. marcescens was able to initiate grow in artificially inoculated infant formulae (3.2 log CFU/ml) within 4 h (lag-phase) and reach levels of 6 and 8 log CFU/ml after 8 h and 12 h at 32 °C respectively. A maximum growth rate of 0.42 h⁻¹ was determined. The first sign of a distinctly pink discoloration was noticed at 32 °C within 24 h when cell concentration was above 9 log CFU/mL.To reduce microbial contamination during reconstitution of infant formulae it is strongly recommended to adhere to the 2007 FAO/WHO Guidelines on the Safe Preparation, Storage and Handling of Powdered Infant Formula and the instructions on the labels. In addition it is recommended to:

• -Immediately discard milk of unfinished bottles, wash feeding bottles after use and let them dry out,
• -Do not wipe bottles with kitchen cloths to dry after sanitisation.

     

提高全民对食品营养及安全的认知是解决食品安全总是的关键

本文结合最近发生的食品安全事件及婴幼儿食品的营养及安全问题,指出食品安全问题在我国大有日趋严重之势,并建议国家有关部门、媒体和社会各界共同配合,对广大消费者和食品生产者进行食品营养和食品安全知识和法规的教育及宣传,以提高他们的认知水平,这是解决食品安全问题的关键.     

幼年大鼠甲状腺γ线损伤效应的剂量效应关系

１５日龄大鼠甲腺γ线局部单次外照射后６周，观察和测量滤泡和滤泡上皮细胞形态结构的变化，综合分析甲状腺辐射损伤效应。结果表明，幼年大鼠甲状腺具有较高的辐射敏感性，０．５Ｇｙ照后即可出现显著性变化。通过实验得出了一些形态计量学指标变化与照射剂量之间的定量关系。     

Nonthermal sterilization of Listeria monocytogenes in infant foods by intense pulsed-light treatment

The purposes of this study were to determine the inactivation effects of intense pulsed light (IPL) on Listeria monocytogenes and the commercial feasibility of this sterilization method. The inactivation of L. monocytogenes at cultivated plates increased with increasing electric power and treatment time. Approximately 4–5 log reduction of the cell was achieved with IPL treatment for 5000, 600, 300, and 100 μs at 10, 15, 20, and 25 kV of voltage pulse, respectively. In the early stages of IPL treatments at 10, 15, and 20 kV, little inactivation was observed with a critical treatment time (t_c) of 360.6, 95.5, and 32.2 μs, respectively, while an abrupt inactivation without a critical treatment time was observed at 25 kV. The sterilization effects on commercial infant foods inoculated with L. monocytogenes were investigated at 15 kV, which showed higher energy efficiency for the inactivation of L. monocytogenes.