Presence of mycotoxin in commercial infant formulas and baby foods from Italian market

In this study a total of 75 commercially Italian samples of baby foods, including 13 infant formula milks (infant formula powders, ready-to-use preparation), 11 dairy products (cheese and yogurt), 25 cereal-based baby foods, 16 fruit and vegetables compotes, and 10 fruit and vegetables purees (composed of pear, peach, banana and for apple), were analyzed to provide an overview on mycotoxin presence. The presence was carried out by evaluating of 23 mycotoxins: ochratoxin-A (OTA), patulin (PAT), two aflatoxins (AFM1, AFB1), three zearalenones (ZONs), which include zearalenone (ZON) and its metabolites (α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZOL)), nine trichothecenes: deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON and 15-ADON), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), nivalenol (NIV), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), T-2 toxin (T-2) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2), and five emerging mycotoxins: four enniatins ENs (ENA, ENA1, ENB and ENB1), and beauvericin (BEA). Analytical results showed that 31% of cereal-based baby foods presented levels of mycotoxins. The frequencies of detected mycotoxins, OTA, DON, HT-2, FUS-X, NIV, β-ZOL, ENB, ENB1, ENB4, ENA1 and, BEA, in analyzed samples were 20%, 21%, 3%, 24%, 4%, 7%, 15%, 1%, 5%, 4%, and 1%, respectively. The high value registered was for a cereal-based baby food which contained 832 μg/kg of ENB. 27% of analyzed samples presented co-occurrence of different mycotoxins.     

Improvement of accuracy for the determination of vitamin A in infant formula by isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Analysis of vitamin A in food has been an intricate subject due to its labile properties. In this study, an isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric (ID-LC/MS) method was established as a candidate reference method for the accurate determination of vitamin A in infant formula. We found that the oxidative degradation of vitamin A in sample preparation processes is a key fact that hampers reliability of measurement results. Therefore, sample preparation processes were carefully designed to minimise oxidative degradation of vitamin A by preventing sample from exposure to air. Similar cautions were applied for the preparation of calibration solutions. Both within-day repeatability and among-day reproducibility tests of the ID-LC/MS method showed less than 1.0% of relative standard deviation, and the measurement uncertainty by this method is estimated to be less than 1.0%. The newly designed method showed greatly improved performance compared to methods reported in other literatures.     

婴幼儿营养包组成及质量控制现状分析

微量营养素的缺乏是一个全球性的问题,我国为改善贫困儿童营养状况加大了营养补充品的研制,并提出了"营养包"的概念。通过对基料、矿物质、维生素等成分进行配比,实现了婴幼儿营养包的功能化及专项化。随着人们对营养包需求的不断增加,营养包的复配原料已由豆粉、乳粉等扩展到谷物类粉末基料。同时,添加DHA或益生元等功能性强化婴幼儿营养包也相继出现。然而,婴幼儿营养包在销售或贮存过程中会出现营养素衰减及氧化哈败等质量问题,通常采取微胶囊包埋法来提高营养素及脂肪的稳定性。统计实验表明营养包可改善婴幼儿生长发育状况,尤其是对婴幼儿贫血状况的改善。此外,研究人员还发现,婴幼儿服用营养包后偶发不良反应现象。文章针对婴幼儿营养包的组成成分及其质量的控制和对功效的影响进行了详细分析,以期为婴幼儿营养包的进一步发展提供参考。     

Two novel analytical methods based on polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies for the rapid detection of Cronobacter spp.: Development and application in powdered infant formula

Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens, and infections are associated with a high mortality rate. In the current study, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) were generated using heat-inactivated C. sakazakii strain ATCC29544 as the immunogen. Following assay optimization, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on pAbs and a sandwich ELISA based on mAbs and pAbs were established for the detection of Cronobacter spp. The indirect ELISA detected all species of Cronobacter assayed, and the limit of detection (LOD) was established as 10⁵ cfu/mL. In contrast, the sandwich ELISA was specific for C. sakazakii and had greater sensitivity than the indirect ELISA (LOD of 2 × 10⁴ cfu/mL). Following 10 h of enrichment, Cronobacter spp. were detected using either of the two analytical methods in samples inoculated with 1 cfu/100 g powdered infant formula (PIF). The results from this study demonstrated that both of these novel ELISAs were specific, sensitive, and rapid assays for the screening of pathogenic Cronobacter spp. in PIF.     

Determining Neu5Ac in infant formula with ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

The aim of this work was to measure N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) in milk‐based infant formulas. The analysis was performed by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS). The total Neu5Ac were released using trichloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid and purified using a HLB column. The linearity from 0.05 to 5.0 μg/mg Neu5Ac was adequate. Sialic acid recoveries ranged from 91.8% to 112.4%. The detection and quantification limits (limit of detection, 0.01 μg Neu5Ac/mg; limit of quantitation, 1.08 μg Neu5Ac/mg) were low enough to determine the sialic acid in infant formulas. The validated method is highly reproducible and sensitive, and it is easy to perform.     

2001～2008年上海市虹口区产院新生儿首针乙肝疫苗接种情况分析

目的 分析2001～2008年上海市虹口区产院新生儿首针乙肝疫苗的接种情况,为进一步完善新生儿乙肝免疫预防策略提供参考.方法 对2001～2008年上海市虹口区所有产院新生儿的首针乙肝疫苗接种率、及时接种率、未及时接种原因以及母亲乙肝病毒抗原阳性的新生儿接种情况进行调查分析.结果 2001～2008年上海市虹口区产院新...     

从地志到人文——川南幼儿师范高等专科学校校园规划浅析

本文简要地讨论了地志及其人文的内涵和它对设计的意义,从地貌构成与人文意向层面对设计进行分析,并以川南幼儿师范学校规划设计为例,通过介绍项目的背景,场地限制,设计构思,提出了以地志和人文为基础的设计思路。希望这会成为有趣的设计实践,并为今后类似的项目提供有价值的参考。     

残差网络在婴幼儿哭声识别中的应用

该文使用语谱图结合残差网络的深度学习模型进行婴幼儿哭声的识别,使用婴幼儿哭声与非哭声样本比例均衡的语料库,经过五折交叉验证,与支持向量机(SVM),卷积神经网络(CNN),基于Gammatone滤波器的听觉谱残差网络(GT-Resnet)3种模型相比,基于语谱图的残差网络取得了最优结果,F1-score达到0.9965,满足实时性要求,证明了语谱图在婴幼儿哭声识别任务中能直观地反映声学特征,基于语谱图的残差网络是解决婴幼儿哭声识别任务的优秀方法。

     

The activity of single gliadin components in a foetal chick intestine assay for coeliac disease

 The in vitro methods proposed for estimating calcium bioavailability can be useful in studying the effect of dietetic factors. The aim of our work was to study the possible influence of different infant formula components – calcium, phosphorus, lactose, citric acid, ascorbic acid and proteins – on calcium bioavailability, considering dialysability to be an estimate of bioavailability. The 1981 method of Miller et al. with slight modifications (concerted action n^o 10 – FLAIR project) was applied to 18 commercial infant formulas of six different types: adapted, follow-up, preterm, hydrolysates, lactose-free and soy-based. Significant positive linear correlations between the amount of calcium dialysed and the calcium and phosphorus contents were found. However, there were no statistically significant correlations between the amount of calcium dialysed and the lactose, ascorbic acid or citric acid contents, In the case of proteins an exponential relationship was found between the amount of calcium dialysed and the protein content. Received: 21 April 1998 / Revised version: 5 October 1998     

育儿园建筑设计初探

在当今社会,愈来愈多的国家认识到,促进人类的发展与进步,必须从0岁开始关注婴幼儿的成长和教育。我国大力发展为0-3岁婴幼儿提供早期保育和教育服务的机构是当务之急。如何创造婴幼儿的适宜发展空间,为教养者提供社交的机会,为管理人员、教师及服务人员提供舒适高效的工作环境是研究重点。本文将针对育儿园建筑设计进行分析和研究。