支持工艺创新的工艺专利分类方法研究

为快速获取适合创新设计的工艺专利,提出了一种面向工艺创新的工艺专利自动分类方法。在分析工艺创新需求和工艺专利特点的基础上,建立以工艺方法、制造对象和制造特征为依据的工艺专利分类标准,论述了应用文本挖掘技术的工艺专利分类过程,开发了工艺专利自动分类系统。以某航空发动机制造企业样本集进行分类测试及对比,最后通过实例分析了该专利分类系统在工艺创新设计中的应用。     

探析城市总体规划的变革之路

无力对市场经济引导下的“社会转型”作出有效应对是导致城市总体规划失灵的主要原因,变革自然就成了其自身必然选择。论文从城市总体规划当前面对的四个问题入手,在深入总结了城市规划四个方面的重要特征后,提出了城市总体规划在未来变革之中可能的发展方向与选择之路;并指出城市总体规划变革的根本与关键来自于制度性因素的变革,变革的目的应是逐步形成开放式、民主型、大众化的城市规划体系。     

文园狮子林的“仿”与“创”

在借助历史资料还原苏州狮子林与承德文园狮子林的基础上,对苏州与文园的两个狮子林的历史背景及造园要素等方面进行对比,重点研究文园狮子林仿建苏州狮子林所运用的写仿手法,从“仿”和“创”两方面进行了归纳分析,总结出文园狮子林在写仿母本苏州狮子林时对山水格局、园林意境的模仿及结合自身特色在建筑、造园要素等方面再创作的成功之处。     

上海建设创新型城市的新思考

当前新兴市场城市同发达城市的关键差距正从资本控制功能转向创新中心功能;上海在创新型城市建设发育进程中正处于由创新扩散阶段向（国际）创新中心阶段的关键升级环节。文章围绕在进入后工业化时代的上海需要怎样的转型策略来培育一个新的知识经济体系？在上海塑造创新型城市中城市规划的角色是什么？城市开发项目如何对于塑造知识经济体系和创新型城市作出贡献等问题？从创新型城市核心定位、功能特征和空间组织3个方面,提出了功能定位、运行规律、沟通方式、关键经济主体、决策模式、生产行为、产业构造、空间偏好、关键单元、尺度偏好以及外部构造等11项不同以往的规划创新要求。     

神华国华研究院致力于绿色电站基本建设的探索与实践

按照神华集团“高品质发展电”和“绿色、循环、清洁、低碳”发展的指示,国华电力公司提出了新建项目“高效清洁零排放工程”（简称零排放工程）。为此,神华国华研究院,用创新思维统领,不断进行业务探索和实践,在组织结构、管理模式、信息应用等方面进行创新和尝试,取得了较好的成绩,对于基建项目打造高品质绿色电站具有借鉴作用。     

Innovation in clean-room construction: a case study of co-operation between firms

This study examines partnering between a large client, multinational contractors and specialist suppliers, and local subcontractors involved in a project to construct clean room facilities. An ethnographic approach is used, which demonstrates the changing attitudes, values and the new working arrangements that emerged. The social bond of a ‘construction challenge’ was the basis of trust and sharing risk in a ‘quasi-fixed network’. In place of formal contracts, ongoing bargaining and continuous negotiation took place. However, the client was seen to dominate the construction process. Shared workspaces or ‘liminal zones’, betwixt and between firms, were created to allow collaboration. These are argued to be a practical organizational approach to sharing information and co-ordinating inter-firm activities. Among trades, agreements were struck to exchange training and apprenticeships for allowing foreign specialists and equipment to be imported by the high-purity gas supplier. Liminal zones appear to function as on-the-job classrooms for rapidly training workers in unfamiliar construction techniques and systems.     

Innovative construction methods

The construction industry is relatively slow in developing and adopting new technologies and usually prefers conservative, well-known practices over innovative construction methods. The paper discussus the logic and reasons behind this behaviour, while pointing to special circumstances in recent history when the balance between risk and benefits tilted towards the benefits, providing the opportunity for innovation to flourish. Such a situation occurred in Israel between 1990 and 1992, as a continuous stream of new immigrants was arriving in the country mainly from the former Soviet Union. The urgent need for mass housing, without creating the slums of the future, stimulated unique economic approaches of risk sharing in large-scale projects and gave rise to the implementation of dozens of innovative construction methods. Three of these unconventional methods are presented and analysed as representative of three larger categories: revival of methods that performed reasonably well in the past but have lapsed for mainly economic reasons, imported methods with favourable records from other countries and totally new methods with no past experience. The paper concludes with a cross-comparison of their advantages and limitations concerning various attributes and with some generalized lessons for selection criteria, which will be elaborated on in a forthcoming paper.     

Construction skills training for the next millennium

Construction skills and training needs have changed with the introduction of new business processes, different forms of organizing production and technical innovation. In the UK, training provision has failed to adapt fully to the needs of a modernizing industry. Formal training programmes have been inappropriate in content and inadequate in quantity. Many of them are out of date. An assessment is provided of the types of skill and training required to implement innovative approaches for improving construction performance. It is based on analysis of work carried out during a major national review of construction operative and supervisory skills training in the UK undertaken for the Construction Industry Board. It seeks to provide a framework for analysing skill needs in the context of modern performance targets, together with policy recommendations for decision-makers in firms, government and training institutions. The conclusion that a new generic training programme is required is of general relevance to practitioners, trainers and researchers in the UK and in other countries.     

真设计下的真生活 郝琳、黄印武、任卫中三人谈

文章记录了两位20世纪70年代生建筑师郝琳、黄印武和民间乡土建筑实践者任卫中的谈话.三位结合自身不同的乡村建造实践以及各自的态度与介入状态,探讨了真设计下的真生活等话题。