Model comparisons on molten core-concrete interactions

ch as the chemical reaction heat and the configuration molten pool are also discussed.     

Organelle interactions and possible degradation pathways visualized in high-pressure frozen algal cells

Organelle interactions, although essential for both anabolic and catabolic pathways in plant cells have not been examined in detail so far. In the present study the structure of different organelle–organelle, organelle–vesicle and organelle–membrane interactions were investigated in growing and nongrowing cells of the green alga Micrasterias denticulata by use of high pressure freeze fixation and energy filtering transmission electron microscopy. It became clear that contacts between mitochondria always occur by formation of a cone-shaped protuberance of one of the mitochondria which penetrates into its fusion partner. In the same way, structural interactions between mitochondria and mucilage vesicles and between microbodies and mucilage vesicles are achieved. Lytic compartments contact mitochondria or mucilage vesicles again by forming protuberances and by extending their contents into the respective compartment. Detached portions of mitochondria are found inside lytic compartments as a consequence of such interactions. Mitochondria found in contact with the plasma membrane reveal structural disintegration. Our study shows that interactions of organelles and vesicles are frequent events in Micrasterias cells of different ages. The interactive contacts between lytic compartments and organelles or vesicles suggest a degradation pathway different from autophagy processes described in the literature. Both the interactions between vesicles and organelles and the degradation pathways occur independently from cytoskeleton function as demonstrated by use of cytochalasin D and the microtubule inhibitor amiprophos-methyl.     

Droplet-Droplet Interactions in Spray Drying by Using 2D Computational Fluid Dynamics

A 2D axisymmetric model of the spray drying process is presented. The two-phase flow theoretical model is based on a combined Eulerian-Lagrangian approach and takes binary interactions (coalescence or bouncing) between spray droplets into consideration. Validation of the model (incorporated in FLUENT 6.3.26) demonstrated good agreement and consistency with the literature data. The results of transient simulations showed that droplet-droplet interactions displace the region of heat and mass transfer from the central core toward the periphery of the drying chamber. It was also found that insulation of the spray dryer can substantially affect temperature and humidity patterns, whereas its influence on the velocity flow field is less marked.     

Fluid Flow Effect and Mechanical Interactions during Drying of a Deformable Food Model

The purpose of this work was to evaluate a mathematical representation for the drying of a spherical food model, including the fluid flow effect and mechanical interactions. Drying kinetics data were obtained under a laminar fluid flow and the mechanical properties were evaluated through compression tests. The drying model considers two-dimensional mass transfer and the mechanical model was formulated from elasticity theory. The solution made possible the understanding of the fluid flow effect on mass transfer and the relationship between drying stresses and physical degradation of the food models.     

Broadening effects in Auger neutralization of 130–430 eV Ar ions at Al surfaces

We present a model for electron emission from Al surfaces by Auger neutralization of 130–430 eV Ar⁺ ions, that includes the singular response of the metal conduction band to the abrupt change of the surface potential caused by electron capture by the incident ion. This effect, previously identified in X-ray studies, produces a broadening that plays a significant role in reproducing the higher energy part of the experimental electron kinetic energy distributions.     

Children's fearfulness as a moderator of parenting in early socialization: Two longitudinal studies.

Findings from 2 longitudinal studies replicate and considerably extend past work on child temperament as a moderating link between parenting and successful socialization outcomes. In Study 1 (N = 106 mothers and children), child fearfulness, mother-child positive relationship, and maternal power assertion were assessed at 22 and 33 months; the outcome-children's moral self-was assessed at 56 months. In Study 2 (N = 102 mothers, fathers, and children), child fearfulness and parent-child positive relationship were assessed at 7 and 15 months; parents' power assertion was assessed at 15 months. The outcomes were children's receptive, willing stance toward the parent at 25 months, and rule-compatible conduct without supervision at 38 months. Child fearfulness significantly moderated the impact of parenting: In both studies, for relatively fearless children, mother-child positive relationship predicted future successful socialization outcomes in mother-child dyads. There was no analogous moderation effect in father-child dyads in Study 2. For relatively fearful children, fathers' power assertion in Study 2 predicted poor socialization outcomes. All Temperament × Parenting interactions appeared limited to measures obtained in the 2nd year. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interactions among metastable pits on heterogeneous electrodes

A previously developed spatiotemporal model of the interactions among metastable pits on homogeneous electrodes is extended to heterogeneous surfaces with randomly distributed inclusion sites in an otherwise passive electrode. The inclusions are treated as favored sites for pit initiation events. The effect of the spatial density of inclusions on susceptibility to explosive growth in pitting corrosion is investigated. It is shown that there exist critical values of the pit density for the explosive growth of metastable pits that leads to a transition to pitting corrosion. Convective mass transport is shown to alter the density required for explosive growth. The effect of a limitation on the number of times that an inclusion can initiate a pit on the transition to the pitting corrosion is also considered.     

Interacting with sexist men triggers social identity threat among female engineers.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 97(4) of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (see record 2009-16971-002). The affiliation for William von Hippel is incorrect. The affiliation should have been University of Queensland.] Social identity threat is the notion that one of a person’s many social identities may be at risk of being devalued in a particular context (C. M. Steele, S. J. Spencer, & J. Aronson, 2002). The authors suggest that in domains in which women are already negatively stereotyped, interacting with a sexist man can trigger social identity threat, undermining women’s performance. In Study 1, male engineering students who scored highly on a subtle measure of sexism behaved in a dominant and sexually interested way toward an ostensible female classmate. In Studies 2 and 3, female engineering students who interacted with such sexist men, or with confederates trained to behave in the same way, performed worse on an engineering test than did women who interacted with nonsexist men. Study 4 replicated this finding and showed that women’s underperformance did not extend to an English test, an area in which women are not negatively stereotyped. Study 5 showed that interacting with sexist men leads women to suppress concerns about gender stereotypes, an established mechanism of stereotype threat. Discussion addresses implications for social identity threat and for women’s performance in school and at work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mechanisms and evolution of synchronous chorusing: Emergent properties and adaptive functions in Neoconocephalus katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae).

Synchronous interactions arise in various animal species that rhythmically broadcast acoustic, vibratory, and visual signals. These interactions are characterized by a coincidence in both rate and phase of the rhythms of neighboring signalers. Theory predicts several ways in which synchronized rhythms may specifically benefit the interacting signalers. However, synchrony may also arise as an emergent property, a default phenomenon that is neither preferred by conspecific receivers evaluating the signals nor advantageous to the signalers themselves. Here, we examine several well-studied cases of acoustic synchrony in Neoconocephalus katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), a New World genus wherein males broadcast loud advertisement songs. We report that call synchrony found in N. spiza and N. nebrascensis results from two rather different mechanisms of rhythm adjustment. Moreover, synchrony in the former species appears to represent an incidental byproduct of signal competition between evenly matched males, whereas in the latter species synchrony functions as a specific adaptation in which cooperating males ensure that critical call features can be perceived by females. We discuss the separate evolutionary trajectories that may have led to similar outcomes, synchronous chorusing by advertising males, in these closely related species. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)