响应面法优化麻疯树籽壳提取总黄酮工艺

以麻疯树籽壳为原料提取其中总黄酮,在单因素实验的基础上,利用响应面法建立二次回归模型并对工艺条件参数进行优化。结果表明,回归模型具有高度显著性,最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇体积分数为58%、料液比为1∶35(g/mL)、浸提温度为82℃、浸提时间为126min。在最佳工艺条件下,总黄酮得率预测值8.71%,验证值为8.65%,与模型预测值相对误差仅为0.69%,说明该优化工艺合理可靠。      

小桐子种壳加工成型木炭的方法研究

用物理方法对丢弃的小桐子种壳进行再利用研究,将小桐子种壳经过粉碎、压制、炭化,测定参数。最后得到成型燃料炭的工艺方法。     

麻疯果油制备生物柴油及其经济效益

选用了非食用油麻疯果油为原料,以氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、甲醇钠为催化荆,通过酯交换法制取生物柴油,研究表明最适宜工艺条件为:醇油比6:1,反应温度60℃,反应时间80min,搅拌强度为600 r/min,催化剂用量为1.2%,转化率达到97%以上,且生物柴油各项理化指标均符合美国和德国测试标准.且从麻疯果的种植到生物柴油的生产整个产业链出发,其原料成本更低,经济效益更大,体现了不与粮争地的优势.     

The influence of bio additive on the compression ignition engine with diesel and Jatropha methyl ester biodiesel

The present experimental investigation evaluates the effects of using blends of diesel fuel with 20% concentration of Methyl Ester of Jatropha biodiesel blended with bio additive. Both the diesel and biodiesel fuel blend was injected at 23° Before Top Dead Centre to the combustion chamber. The experiment was carried out with three different ratios of bio additive. Biodiesel was extracted from Jatropha oil; 20% (B20) concentration is found to be best blend ratio from the earlier experimental study. The bio additive was added to B20MEOJ at various concentrations of 1?ml, 2?ml and 3?ml, respectively. The main objective is to obtain minimum specific fuel consumption, better efficiency and lesser Emission using bio additive blends. The results concluded that full load shows an increase in efficiency when compared with diesel, and highest efficiency is obtained with B20MEOJBA 3?ml bio additive blend. It is noted that there is an increase in thermal efficiency as the blend ratio increases. Biodiesel blend has a performance closer to that of diesel, but emission is reduced in all blends of B20MEOJBA 3?ml compared to that in diesel. Thus the work marks for the suitability of biodiesel blends as an alternate fuel in diesel engines.     

Bioconversion of de-oiled Jatropha Waste (DJW) to hydrogen and methane gas by anaerobic fermentation: Influence of substrate concentration,temperature and pH

Cellulosic materials-based de-oiled Jatropha Waste (DJW) was fermented to H₂ and CH₄ using sewage sludge inoculum. Batch assays were performed at various substrate concentrations (40–240 g/L), temperatures (25–65 °C) and pHs (5.5–7.5). The peak hydrogen production rate (HPR) and hydrogen yield (HY) of 744.0 ± 11.3 mL H₂/L-d and 10.6 ± 0.2 mL H₂/g VS obtained when the optimal substrate concentration, pH, temperature were 200 g/L, 6.5, 55 °C, respectively. The peak methane production rate (MPR) of 178.4 ± 5.6 mL CH₄/L-d obtained while DJW concentration, pH, temperature were 200 g/L, 7.0, 45 °C, however, peak methane yield (MY) of 23.3 ± 0.1 mL CH₄/g VS obtained at 40 g/L, 7.0 and 55 °C, respectively. Effect of substrate concentration on HPR and MPR was elucidated using Monod model. Butyrate and acetate were the main soluble metabolic products. Maximal carbohydrate removal and COD reduction were achieved as 51.7 ± 0.7% and 68.3 ± 1.6%, respectively.     

The impact of biofuels on engine oil performance

The dilution of biogenic fuels into lubricating engine oils often leads to a shortening of the recommended oil drains (between 30% and 60%) and an increase in wear. The large number of overlapping and influencing factors, of which dilution and polymerization of fuel components in the engine oil are emphasised, makes it difficult to find a uniform solution to prevent failures in the various applications. Insofar single solutions for the different types of biofuels are needed. The contribution of base oil chemistry and additives as well as triboactive materials is featured to deal with the adverse effects of biofuels. In the frame of the European Commission (EC)‐funded project ‘cleanengine’, tentative engine oils based on esters with a content of renewables and polyglycols are formulated to increase the lubricant's tolerance in engines fuelled with biofuel‐based blends, with the aim of ensuring required lubricating and wear protection performance while keeping oil drain intervals unchanged. The present paper focuses on four‐stroke diesel applications, fuelled by biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester — FAME) as well as by rapeseed oil and Jatropha oil (pure vegetable oils, triglycerides), together with relevant blends of those biofuels and conventional diesel fuel. This paper screens the functional profile (in particular rheological, toxicological, bio‐compatibility, tribological and biofuels affinity) of lube families with respect to biofuel contamination. Moreover, this is followed by the contributions of piston ring and liner materials as well as thin film coatings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of heat and water stress conditions on the growth of the biofuel plant Jatropha curcas

Pot experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of drought and salinity stresses and mulch amendment on Jatropha in sand dune soil under three conditions: glasshouse, shade house and open area. Plants were irrigated with freshwater and diluted seawater adjusted to two levels of electrical conductivity- 3 and 6 dS m^-1. The results showed that experimental conditions remarkably affected the evapo-transpiration rate, soil moisture, salts accumulation and plant biomass production. Low temperature (23°C) conditions exhibited highest plant growth and soil moisture and lowest salts deposition. Plants showed no symptoms of heat stress in the glasshouse. The shade house and the open area profoundly reduced plant biomass and water content in the soil. Compared to the control, the mulch amended treatments had sufficient water for plant growth even in the high temperature of the open area. High salt content was found in salinity treated pots but the salinity level did not reduce Jatropha growth. Salt accumulated in the salinity treated pots helped retain more water, reduced the temperature and provided nutrients to the plants, with results which were almost similar to those from the mulch effect. The temperature conditions of the shade house and the open area (max>40°C) caused substantial water loss and induced death of plants. Jatropha is a succulent and drought tolerant plant and a close irrigation interval is not the best option for Jatropha growth. But, organic amendment is needed when there is a big loss of soil water due to heat stress condition.     

微量酸催化麻疯树籽油制备生物柴油(英文)

Biodiesel produced from crude Jatropha curcas L.oil with trace sulfuric acid catalyst(0.02%-0.08% oil) was investigated at 135-184 ℃.Both esterification and transesterification can be well carried out simultane-ously.Factors affecting the process were investigated,which included the reaction temperature,reaction time,the molar ratio of alcohol to oil,catalyst amount,water content,free fatty acid(FFA) and fatty acid methyl ester(FAME) content.Under the conditions at 165 ℃,0.06%(by mass) H2SO4 of the oil mass,1.6 MPa and 20:1 methanol/oil ratio,the yield of glycerol reached 84.8% in 2 hours.FFA and FAME showed positive effect on the transesterification in certain extent.The water mass content below 1.0% did not show a noticeable effect on trans-esterification.Reaction kinetics in the range of 155 ℃ to 175 ℃ was also measured.     

复合固定化脂肪酶催化麻疯树油生产生物柴油

对固定化复合脂肪酶催化麻疯树油合成生物柴油进行了研究,利用3因素5水平中心旋转设计的响应曲面法对反应条件进行了优化,研究了复合酶用量、复合酶配比及底物配比对反应的影响。优化结果为复合酶用量为0.27 g,N435占总酶质量的比例为0.15,乙酸甲酯与麻疯树油的摩尔比为10.10,预测生物柴油得率为72.55 %,与实际产率74.34 %吻合较好。并建立了复合酶催化合成生物柴油反应的动力学方程,反应为双底物抑制,符合乒乓机制。     

Effect of ethanol addition on the properties of Jatropha ethyl ester

Fossil fuels are available in limited quantity and may extinct in future. Moreover, pollutant emission from diesel engines affects the ecological systems. Biodiesel, derived from vegetable oil, is a renewable and green source of fuel. In this study, biodiesel produced from base catalyzed transesterification was blended with different diesel volumes. The diesel–biodiesel blends showed varied flash point (168–42°C), viscosity (4.34–3.31 mm²/s), density (0.872–0.8351 g/cm³), acid value (0.3–0.4 mg KOH/g), and cetane number (51.6–49.5). The results showed that alcohol addition helped in reducing viscosity and density of biodiesel by almost half. These provide explanation on engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics.