纯Ni和Ni基合金在ZnCl2—KCl盐膜下的腐蚀

考察了表面涂有ZnCl2-KCl盐膜的纯Ni和M38G,GH864两种Ni基合金在450℃纯氧气氛中的耐蚀性。结果表明：3种材料均发生了加速性腐蚀,形成的表面产物膜十分疏松并与基体的粘附性较差;合金中较高的Cr含量并没有提供良好的保护性,其腐蚀速度高于纯Ni。分析了NiO与Cr2O3氧化膜在该环境中具有不同热力学稳定性的原因,并讨论了材料的加速腐蚀机理。     

萘哌地尔衍生物BWYJ 扩张血管效应及其机理研究

目的: 观察萘哌地尔衍生物BWYJ 对家兔血管活动的影响, 并探讨其血管活性机理, 为该药的开发研究提供基础资料。方法: 采用家兔主动脉收缩的方法, 观察BWYJ 对去甲肾上腺素(NA)、5-羟色胺(5-HT) 和高钾量效曲线的影响;应用无Ca²⁺-复Ca²⁺的实验法, 以NA 和咖啡因为血管收缩剂, 间接观察BWYJ 对细胞内游离钙浓度([Ca²⁺]_i) 的影响,并分析其可能作用机理。结果: BWYJ 10^-7、3×10^-7、10^-6mol·L^-1使NA 量效曲线明显平行右移, 而最大反应不变, pA2 值为7.61 。本品10^-6、10^-5 mol·L^-1对5-HT 量效曲线也有同样的效应, pA2值为6.56 。而当剂量为3×10^-6、10^-5 mol·L^-1时,对氯化钾(KCl) 量效曲线没有明显影响。在无钙Krebs 液中, BWYJ 10^-7、3× 10^-7、10^-6 和10^-5 mol·L^-1呈浓度依赖性抑制NA 所致血管条的短暂收缩, 对复Ca²⁺后NA 所诱发的持续收缩也呈剂量依赖性抑制作用, 但其剂量达10^-5 mol·L^-1时尚不能抑制咖啡因在无Ca²⁺液中所致收缩。结论: BWYJ 可能是一种α受体阻断剂, 兼有拮抗5-HT 受体的作用。其扩血管的机理可能是通过阻断细胞膜上的α受体或5-HT 受体, 从而抑制这些受体中介的Ca²⁺内流和Ca²⁺释放所致。     

Electrodeposition of Li and electrochemical formation of Mg–Li alloys from the eutectic LiCl–KCl

The electrochemical behavior of Li⁺ was studied at the inert and active electrodes in the molten LiCl–KCl eutectic. Transient electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and chronopotentiometry were used in order to explore the deposition mechanism of Li. The reduction process of Li⁺ is irreversible and the diffusion coefficient of Li⁺ at 723 K was determined as 6.68(±0.07) × 10⁻⁶ cm² s⁻¹. During the electrodeposition process of Li, the electrocrystallization played an important role. The chronoamperometric studies indicated that instantaneous nucleation existed during the electrodeposition process of Li metal. At a Mg electrode, the electroreduction of Li⁺ takes place at a less cathodic potential values than that at Mo electrode which indicated the formation of Mg–Li alloy. The Mg–Li alloy films with different crystal phase were obtained by potentiostatic electrolysis, and the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.     

KCl‐induced corrosion of Ni‐based alloys containing 35–45 wt% Cr

Ni–(35–45)Cr–4Nb alloys containing different fractions of α‐Cr were exposed to potassium chloride (KCl)‐induced corrosion. The corrosion exposures were carried out for 168 hr at 600°C in a 15% (vol/vol) H₂O (g) + 5% (vol/vol) O₂ (g) + N₂ (g; balance) atmosphere using KCl‐free (reference) and predeposited KCl samples. To mimic the KCl deposition in real boilers, 24 hr exposures where KCl vapor condensed continuously onto samples were also performed. The corrosion attack of the studied materials increased significantly when KCl was present compared to the KCl‐free samples. For the KCl exposures, the corrosion attack drastically increased when a significant α‐Cr fraction was present. α‐Cr was either selectively attacked or dissolved through solid‐state diffusion and a layered build‐up of the outer external scale of K₂CrO₄ and chromia could be observed. For the in situ condensed KCl exposure, severe corrosion was observed already within the 24 hr exposure, indicating a higher corrosion rate compared with when KCl was predeposited.     

盐对氨基改性SBA-15吸附Pb2+性能的影响研究

以三嵌段共聚物P123作为模板剂,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源,3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)为偶联剂,采用嫁接法制备氨基化SBA-15-KCl(n),并探究nHCl与nKCl的比对Pb2吸附效率的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和N2吸附-脱附等手段对合成的样品进行表征,通过实验对改性后介孔材料的吸附性能和影响因素进行研究.结果表明:改性后材料对pb2吸附的最佳吸附时间为60 min,体系pH值为5,最佳吸附温度为40℃,当KC1的加入量达到0.0474 mol即nHCl∶nKCl =3∶7时,样品对Pb2+吸附率最佳可在95％左右.     

Kinetics studies during NaCl and KCl pork meat brining

We describe and quantify salt transfer processes during food processing using mathematical models. Our approach incorporates as novel elements: (i) a more rigorous determination of the salt diffusion kinetics by using the salt concentration of the liquid phase instead of the salt concentration of the overall samples, (ii) the use of novel, more accurate equilibrium conditions, (iii) the consideration of mass transfer coefficients in the boundary and (iv) the consideration of diffusion and salt transfer coefficients as functions of time. The methodology is used to determine the NaCl and KCl diffusion and transport coefficients during pork meat salting. Our results, combining experimental studies with a numerical study of a mathematical optimization problem point out the limitations of purely diffusive models and the need for more sophisticated models accounting for more physical and chemical processes taking place in meat during salting.     

家H2分支水平井钻井液技术

家H2井是大港油田第一口分支水平井,位于沈家铺油田官107×1断块,目的层为孔二2油组上砂体.该井为三开井,由一个主井眼和两个分支井眼构成,完钻垂深为2211.65 m,斜深为2658 m,井底水平位移为521 m,最大井斜为92.87°;一分支水平段段长为119.12 m,最大井斜为92.19°;二分支水平段段长为25 m,最大井斜为92°.该井二开井段使用聚合物钻井液,三开井段使用无固相KCl聚合物钻井液,采用无固相超低渗透技术保护油层,满足了筛管完井对油层保护技术的要求.在施工过程中无固相KCl聚合物钻井液性能稳定,携砂洗井能力强,滤失量小,能有效地稳定井壁,保护油气层,大大提高了原油产量.     

辽河油田浅海钻井液技术

辽河油田滩海地区上部隔水管井段以流砂层为主，机械钻速高，环空岩屑量大，选用了正电胶钻井液；中下部地层富含以蒙脱石、伊蒙混层为主的泥岩，并且存在强坍塌应力及由沉积引起的超高压地层流体，存在井壁失稳问题；由于多个压力系统在同一裸眼段并存，油气水层相容、相近，极易发生井漏、井涌、井塌、卡钻等复杂事故，加之地层压力预测的局限，更增加了钻探难度，因此优选了海水KCl钻井液。在13口井的应用表明，海水KCl钻井液性能稳定，黏土容量限高，抗盐污染能力强，具有稳定井壁、井眼清洁、润滑防卡和保护油气层等特点，满足了辽河钻井的需要以及海洋环保的要求。     

海水基氯化钾钻井液在仙鹤4井的应用

辽河滩海仙鹤地区一些层段钻进中易发生坍塌的原因是:粘土矿物水化、膨胀、分散及运移;外来流体侵入泥页岩层理及裂缝;负压钻井引起井壁力学失稳。在超高压、强造浆、强坍塌应力、可溶盐污染的沙河街组,高密度钻井液流变性能难控制,润滑性能难保证,易发生井下复杂情况及压差粘附卡钻。基于强抑制、严封堵、适当高密度防塌和流变性、造壁性、抑制性协调统一的思路,研制了一种海水基氯化钾钻井液,报道了钻井液组成,给出了基本配方,该配方中不包含降粘剂。详细介绍了在仙鹤4井(评价井)钻进中钻井液的配制、转化及维护措施;使用该体系钻井液钻进时,起下钻、钻进顺利,返出的砂样完整,井径扩大率平均5.6%,最大缩径率2.8%,电测顺利,岩心收获率97.65%,钻井液流变性控制良好,钻井周期短(60天)。