Integration of trigeneration in an indirect cascade refrigeration system in supermarkets

This article presents an energy and economic analysis of a trigeneration configuration for supermarket applications. The energy system in a supermarket is relatively complex, because it includes lighting, air conditioning, cabinets, refrigeration system, etc. A trigeneration system could be used to simultaneously satisfy heating, refrigeration and electricity demands in supermarkets. More specifically, this article studies the integration of a trigeneration system and an indirect refrigeration cascade compression system in a supermarket in Barcelona. The trigeneration system consists of a cogeneration engine and an ammonia/water absorption chiller unit. The results of simulating energy usage, life cycle costs and CO₂ emissions have been compared with a conventional indirect refrigeration cascade compression system for the supermarket studied. Several trigeneration configurations have been studied. They all show a payback time of less than 6 years but the profitability of the investment depends strongly on the ratio between the prices of natural gas and electricity. This study shows that this novel trigeneration system is economically feasible and environmentally more viable than conventional supermarket systems.     

分布式能源站多种类型冷水机组冷量分配比例研究

在分布式能源站多种类型冷水机组冷量分配的研究中,创新性地引入全寿命周期成本（Life Cycle Cost,简称LCC）理论,并以广州某分布式能源站工程为实例进行核算,推进了LCC理论在分布式能源站制冷机组选型设计规划中的应用,分布式能源站系统优化设计提供了重要的参考和借鉴。     

A performance evaluation model for FMS based on RAM and LCC using FACTOR/AIM

The objective of this study is to develop a general design and performance evaluation model for the system designers in the initial design phase of the integrated manufacturing system based on the RAM(Reliability, Availability and Maintainability) and life cycle cost(LCC). The methodology proposed in this research includes the following three-step generative approach. First, a deterministic approach to find the optimal system configuration for the initial system configuration is considered under the assumption that the system availability is one(no failure and maintenance), and in second step a stochastic simulation model based on RAM and LCC is developed. Using the results of this two-stage simulation, a system performance index(SPI) was developed for the performance evaluation of the system. In the last step we developed a simulation model using FACTOR/AIM to consider a variety of performance factors and compared the results through a sample example.     

How Well Do MWL and CEL Preparations Represent the Whole Hardwood Lignin?

Hardwood lignin preparations were isolated using classical milled wood lignin (MWL) and cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL) protocols. Furthermore, we managed to produce a lignin preparation of a very high yield, above 90%, with high purity and minimal structural degradation. This was achieved by dissolution and regeneration of milled wood prior to enzymatic hydrolysis, along with the use of 80% dioxane for lignin extraction. This preparation (RCEL-80) yield was about 4.5 and 2.5 times higher than the yields of the traditional MWL and CEL preparations, correspondingly, at the same milling time. The preparations obtained were comprehensively analyzed with state-of-the-art quantitative NMR techniques and wet chemistry methods. CELs were representative preparations for hardwood lignins as the S/G ratios in the CELs were equivalent to those in lignin in situ. Degradation of the main lignin subunits was very low. Importantly, the structures of CELs were independent of the preparation yield and were very similar to the structure of the high-yield lignin, RCEL-80. In contrast, the structures of MWLs were noticeably dependent on the preparation yield, especially when the yield was below 15–20% of total wood lignin. In particular, the S/G ratio increased with increasing MWL yield, but was still lower than the S/G ratios of the whole lignins in situ, even at high MWL yields. The amounts of β-O-4 lignin units in MWL were lower than those in the corresponding CEL preparations. It has been concluded that CEL preparations were representative of the whole wood lignin whereas MWLs represent a fraction with a lower S/G ratio.     

基于LCC的风火电打捆发电系统多阶段优化规划模型

风火电打捆是解决大规模风电异地消纳的有效手段,而风火电打捆发电系统规划周期长,受资金限制,系统通常分多个阶段依次投产,常规打捆系统规划模型无法适用于该情形。鉴于此,提出一种基于全寿命周期成本(LCC)的风火电打捆发电系统多阶段优化规划模型。模型充分考虑发电机组的全寿命周期成本,以系统总收益最大为目标,考虑系统售电收益、燃料成本、环境成本、维护成本、可靠性成本、火电机组投资成本和机组折余价值。为更加合理地表征风能时序相关性和随机性,建立风能时序概率模型,并利用随机生产模拟技术计算系统的燃料成本、环境成本和可靠性成本。模型采用多种群并行进化遗传算法求解,通过算例分析证明了模型的有效性。     

一种抗宽范围耦合系数波动的三元件补偿型感应式能量传输系统

常规LCL型感应式能量传输系统具有电压增益独立于负载的特性,在耦合系数波动小而负载范围较宽的无线能量传输场合应用较广。然而其输出特性受耦合系数影响很大,不适用于动态能量传输场合。在LCL型补偿拓扑的基础上,通过改造其输出特性,提出一种适用于动态感应式能量传输场合的改进型拓扑,以适应大范围耦合系数的变化。从平滑输出电压增益的角度出发,定量分析电压增益和输出阻抗角与耦合系数和无源元件参数的关系。通过对LCL型谐振腔增加一阶自由度,构造了三元件补偿的LCC型拓扑,实现了耦合系数大范围波动情况下输出功率近似恒定。与常规拓扑相比,该补偿拓扑对耦合系数的敏感性大大降低。最后,设计一台原理样机,传输功率在耦合系数大范围波动下保持平稳,相比常规拓扑,使得输出特性关于耦合系数的敏感性大大降低。验证了设计方法的有效性。     

Life cycle environmental and economic analyses of a hydrogen station with wind energy

This study aimed to identify the environmental and economic aspects of the wind-hydrogen system using life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) methodologies. The target H₂ pathways are the H₂ pathway of water electrolysis (WE) with wind power (WE[Wind]) and the H₂ pathway of WE by Korean electricity mix (WE[KEM]). Conventional fuels (gasoline and diesel) are also included as target fuel pathways to identify the fuel pathways with economic and environmental advantages over conventional fuels. The key environmental issues in the transportation sector are analyzed in terms of fossil fuel consumption (FFC), regulated air pollutants (RAPs), abiotic resource depletion (ARD), and global warming (GW). The life cycle costs of the target fuel pathways consist of the well-to-tank (WTT) costs and the tank-to-wheel (TTW) costs. Moreover, two scenarios are analyzed to predict potential economic and environmental improvements offered by wind energy-powered hydrogen stations.     

Effective design and operation of hybrid ground-source heat pumps: Three case studies

One innovation to ground-source heat pump (GSHP, or “geothermal”) systems is the hybrid GSHP (HyGSHP) system. A HyGSHP system can dramatically decrease the first cost of GSHP systems by using conventional technology (such as a cooling tower or a boiler) to meet a portion of the peak heating or cooling load. We monitored and analyzed three buildings employing HyGSHP systems (two cooling-dominated, one heating-dominated) to demonstrate the performance of the hybrid approach. The buildings were monitored for a year and the measured data was used to validate models of each system. Additionally, we used the models to analyze further improvements to the hybrid approach and established that it has positive impacts, both economically and environmentally. We also documented the lessons learned by those who design and operate the three systems, including discussions of equipment sizing, pump operation, and cooling tower control. Finally, we described the measured data sets and models from this work and have made them freely available for further study of hybrid systems.     

LCC系统仿真的研究

LCC系统通过褐煤与高温烟气发生对流换热,脱除褐煤中的水分,并发生轻微热解反应,达到提高褐煤品质的作用。本文主要对仿真建模理论进行了介绍,并应用仿真建模理论建立起适用LCC系统仿真的流体网络模型和干燥炉模型。     

利用酶催化交联提高纸板湿强度

木素-碳水化合物复合体（Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes,简称LCC）是植物细胞壁的重要组成部分,木素和碳水化合物之间的交联赋予了木材和植物茎杆的物理强度和抗生物降解性能。但是,制成纸浆后,其大部分LCC和细胞壁不再存在,重新交织形成的纸板的强度远远低于原本木材和植物茎杆的强度,尤其是湿强度方面。通过在纸板中模拟生物合成LCC的方法,在一定程度上使得纸板中的纤维之间产生类似于细胞壁的复合物,实现植物纤维细胞的胞间层的修复,从而一定程度的提高纸张的物理强度（尤其是湿强度）。