Can Reconstructed Se-Deficient Line Defects in Monolayer VSe2 Induce Magnetism?

There have been several recent conflicting reports on the ferromagnetism of clean monolayer VSe₂. Herein, the controllable formation of 1D defect line patterns in vanadium diselenide (VSe₂) monolayers initiated by thermal annealing is presented. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and q-plus atomic force microscopy techniques, the 1D line features are determined to be 8-member-ring arrays, formed via a Se deficient reconstruction process. The reconstructed VSe₂ monolayer with Se-deficient line defects displays room-temperature ferromagnetism under X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and magnetic force microscopy, consistent with the density functional theory calculations. This study possibly resolves the controversy on whether ferromagnetism is intrinsic in monolayer VSe₂, and highlights the importance of controlling and understanding the atomic structures of surface defects in 2D crystals, which could play key roles in the material properties and hence potential device applications.     

台山核电站爆破开挖基岩损伤分析及控制

采用微差爆破技术爆破拆除一个爆心距离民宅仅仅25m的非法炼油设备。本文介绍了该工程爆破方案的选择、爆破参数的确定和安全防护措施等。此次爆破取得了非常好的效果,确保了毗邻建筑物的安全。     

溢洪道石方开挖结合堆石坝填筑石料爆破开采技术试验研究

溢洪道石方开挖结合面板堆石坝填筑石料开采的技术关键,是通过爆破开采出符合上坝级配要求的堆石料。在西大洋水库现场经过大量试验,取得了较为合适的爆破孔网参数,使石料在颗粒级配、最大粒径、细颗粒含量方面都满足设计要求,证明结合枢纽建筑物石方开挖采用深孔梯段爆破开采上坝级配料在技术上是可行的,且有利于减少弃料、实现挖填平衡,从而节约投资、缩短工期、保护环境。     

大孔径炮孔控制爆破开挖基坑

以两个工程为例,介绍了在城镇基坑开挖工程中采用了大孔径深孔爆破技术。针对具体情况开切割槽,使用体积较小的潜孔钻凿大孔,设计合理的爆破参数,采用非电微差起爆网路和有效的安全防护措施。工程实践证明,只要爆破参数合理、安全防护得当,大孔径深孔爆破可以在城镇地区开挖基坑中推广应用。     

大岗山水电站泄洪洞顶层大断面爆破开挖

针对大岗山水电站泄洪洞开挖断面大的特点,结合现场地质条件,设计断面分四层开挖,其中顶层开挖分为左侧先导洞和右侧扩挖。针对顶层开挖选择了合理的爆破参数、装药结构及爆破网路。爆破取得了良好效果,光面爆破后永久面成型平整,几乎无超、欠挖,各类围岩光爆孔半孔率均高于规范要求,爆破振动小。为同类爆破施工工程提供了借鉴。     

Development and validation of a probabilistic model for notch fatigue strength prediction of tool steels based on surface defects

A new model for the high cycle notch fatigue strength prediction of tool steels subjected to axial loading is proposed, based on previous literatures studies and experimental tests carried out on six different tool steels, including rotating bending fatigue tests on notched specimens, fractographic analyses, hardness, residual stress, and roughness measurements. The novelty is the assumption that surface defects are the main cause of notch fatigue failures of such steels. A probabilistic approach was implemented by modeling size distributions of defects, resulting in the prediction of normal distributions of fatigue strength. Like to other previous models, the effect of steel hardness, surface residual stress, notch severity, and specimen size was also taken into account. Model calibration and validation were performed using the data collected by the experimental activity. Model behavior was investigated by performing a sensitivity analysis, aiming to verify the response to variations of the considered input variables. Prediction errors of only 1.3% (on average) and 3.1% (maximum) resulted from the comparison between model-predicted and experimental notch fatigue strength.     

Metal Oxide Nanocomposites: A Perspective from Strain,Defect, and Interface

Vertically aligned nanocomposite thin films with ordered two phases, grown epitaxially on substrates, have attracted tremendous interest in the past decade. These unique nanostructured composite thin films with large vertical interfacial area, controllable vertical lattice strain, and defects provide an intriguing playground, allowing for the manipulation of a variety of functional properties of the materials via the interplay among strain, defect, and interface. This field has evolved from basic growth and characterization to functionality tuning as well as potential applications in energy conversion and information technology. Here, the remarkable progress achieved in vertically aligned nanocomposite thin films from a perspective of tuning functionalities through control of strain, defect, and interface is summarized.     

Confined Assembly of Hydrated Vanadium Oxide into Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres for Fast and Stable K+ Storage Capability

The rational structural design of the electrode materials is significant to enhance the electrochemical performance for potassium ion storage, benefiting from the shortened ion diffusion distance, increased conductivity, and pseudo-capacitance promotion. Herein, hydrated vanadium oxide (HVO) nanosheets with enriched oxygen defects are well confined into hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (HMCS), producing O_d-VOH@C nanospheres through one-step hydrothermal reaction. Attributed to the restricted growth in the HMCS, the HVO nanosheets are loosely packed, generating abundant interfacial boundaries and large specific areas. As a result, O_d-VOH@C nanospheres show increased reaction kinetics and well buffer the volume effects for the K⁺ storage. O_d-VOH@C delivers stable capacities of 138 mAh g⁻¹ at 2.0 A g⁻¹ over 10 000 cycles in half-cells attributed to the high pseudo-capacitance contribution. The K⁺ storage mechanism of insertion and conversion reaction is confirmed by ex situ X-ray diffraction, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. Moreover, the symmetric potassium-ion capacitors of O_d-VOH@C//O_d-VOH@C deliver a high energy density of 139.6 Wh kg⁻¹ at the power density of 948.3 W kg⁻¹.     

Enhanced Sonodynamic Cancer Therapy through Iron-Doping and Oxygen-Vacancy Engineering of Piezoelectric Bismuth Tungstate Nanosheets

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is regarded as a new-rising strategy for cancer treatment with low invasiveness and high tissue penetration, but the scarcity of high-efficiency sonosensitizers has seriously hindered its application. Herein, the iron-doped and oxygen-deficient bismuth tungstate nanosheets (BWO-Fe NSs) with piezotronic effect are synthesized for enhanced SDT. Due to the existence of oxygen defects introduced through Fe doping, the bandgap of BWO-Fe is significantly narrowed so that BWO-Fe can be more easily activated by exogenous ultrasound (US). The oxygen defects acting as the electron traps inhibit the recombination of US-induced electrons and holes. More importantly, the dynamically renewed piezoelectric potential facilitates the migration of electrons and holes to opposite side and causes energy band bending, which further promotes the production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, Fe doping endows BWO-Fe with Fenton reactivity, which converts hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in tumor microenvironment into hydroxyl radicals (•OH), thereby amplifying the cellular oxidative damage and enhancing SDT. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments illustrate their high cytotoxicity and tumor suppression rate against refractory breast cancer in mice. This work may provide an alternative strategy to develop oxygen-deficient piezoelectric sonosensitizers for enhanced SDT via doping metal ions.     

Probing the Ni(OH)2 Precursor for LiNiO2 at the Atomic Scale: Insights into the Origin of Structural Defect in a Layered Cathode Active Material

In lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the layered cathode materials of composition LiNi_1−x−yCo_xMn_yO₂ are critical for achieving high energy densities. A high nickel content (>80%) provides an attractive balance between high energy density, long lifetime, and low cost. Consequently, Ni-rich layered oxides cathode active materials (CAMs) are in high demand, and the importance of LiNiO₂ (LNO) as limiting case, is hence paramount. However, achieving perfect stoichiometry is a challenge resulting in various structural issues, which successively impact physicochemical properties and result in the capacity fade of LIBs. To better understand defect formation in LNO, the role of the Ni(OH)₂ precursor morphology in the synthesis of LNO requires in-depth investigation. By employing aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and precession electron diffraction, a direct observation of defects in the Ni(OH)₂ precursor preparedis reported and the ex situ structural evolution from the precursor to the end product is monitored. During synthesis, the layered Ni(OH)₂ structure transforms to partially lithiated (non-layered) NiO and finally to layered LNO. The results suggest that the defects observed in commercially relevant CAMs originate to a large extent from the precursors, hence care must be taken in tuning the co-precipitation parameters to synthesize defect-free Ni-rich layered oxides CAMs.