Elevated temperature aging of solder joints based on Sn-Ag-Cu: Effects on joint microstructure and shear strength

The shear strength behavior and microstructural effects after aging for 100 h and 1,000 h at 150°C are reported for near-eutectic Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solder joints (joining to Cu) made from Sn-3.5Ag (wt.%) and a set of SAC alloys (including Co- and Fe-modified SAC alloys). All joints in the as-soldered and 100-h aged condition experienced shear failure in a ductile manner by either uniform shear of the solder matrix (in the strongest solders) or by a more localized shear of the solder matrix adjacent to the Cu₆Sn₅ interfacial layer, consistent with other observations. After 1,000 h of aging, a level of embrittlement of the Cu₃Sn/Cu interface can be detected in some solder joints made with all of the SAC alloys and with Sn-3.5Ag, which can lead to partial debonding during shear testing. However, only ductile failure was observed in all solder joints made from the Co- and Fe-modified SAC alloys after aging for 1,000 h. Thus, the strategy of modifying a strong (high Cu content) SAC solder alloy with a substitutional alloy addition for Cu seems to be effective for producing a solder joint that retains both strength and ductility for extended isothermal aging at high temperatures.     

SAC105焊锡膏的开发与评价

采用低银化焊料合金是无铅化电子组装提高性价比的发展趋势。开发了采用SAC105低银焊料合金的SUPER105系列焊锡膏,抗氧化、表面绝缘电阻、印刷性能、BGA空洞率、焊点推力等测试结果表明,SUPER105焊锡膏完全适用于消费类电子产品组装。     

Nanoscale Insight Into Lead‐Free BNT‐BT‐xKNN

Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is used to afford insight into the nanoscale electromechanical behavior of lead‐free piezoceramics. Materials based on Bi_1/2Na_1/2TiO₃ exhibit high strains mediated by a field‐induced phase transition. Using the band excitation technique the initial domain morphology, the poling behavior, the switching behavior, and the time‐dependent phase stability in the pseudo‐ternary system (1–x)(0.94Bi_1/2Na_1/2TiO₃‐0.06BaTiO₃)‐xK_0.5Na_0.5NbO₃ (0 <= x <= 18 mol%) are revealed. In the base material (x = 0 mol%), macroscopic domains and ferroelectric switching can be induced from the initial relaxor state with sufficiently high electric field, yielding large macroscopic remanent strain and polarization. The addition of KNN increases the threshold field required to induce long range order and decreases the stability thereof. For x = 3 mol% the field‐induced domains relax completely, which is also reflected in zero macroscopic remanence. Eventually, no long range order can be induced for x >= 3 mol%. This PFM study provides a novel perspective on the interplay between macroscopic and nanoscopic material properties in bulk lead‐free piezoceramics.     

无铅低温乳浊釉研究现状与展望

近年来,由于国家绿色环保政策的日益严苛,陶瓷行业的节能减排成为重要的研究课题.可用于建筑卫生陶瓷及低品位原料日用陶瓷坯体的乳浊釉,尤其是无铅低温乳浊釉的研究越来越受到重视,同时也取得了一些研究结果.本文综述了无铅低温乳浊釉乳浊机理,介绍了其分类和研究现状,并分析了当前无铅低温乳浊釉存在的问题,指出其未来的主要研究方向.     

无铅焊接工艺中常见缺陷及防止措施

无铅化电子组装中,由于原材料的变化带来一系列工艺的变化,随之产生许多新的焊接缺陷.针对焊点剥离和元素污染缺陷进行了产生机理分析,并给出了相应的解决措施.     

Low-temperature synthesis of bismuth titanate by modified citrate amorphous method

Bismuth titanate is a lead-free piezoelectric ceramic with outstanding properties that strictly depend on the composition and microstructure. However, bismuth-based materials are difficult to synthesize due to bismuth volatilisation that causes secondary phases and stoichiometry deviations. In this work, we propose a low-temperature chemical route, i.e. a modified amorphous citrate method, that allows a reduction of thermal treatment temperature, when compared with solid-state or other chemical routes, to obtain single-phase bismuth titanate samples. Single-phase powders with particle size under 300 nm are produced by calcination at 700 °C, and prepared into homogeneous dense pellets (density above 95%), with only isolated pores. The pellets show two distinctive features in the electrical behaviours directly associated with their mica-like microstructure: planar oriented boundaries are responsible for oxygen conduction, while the bulk is dominated by electronic conductivity. The samples show a high dielectric constant, around 200 at room temperature, while maintaining a low loss factor. The pellets also achieved a maximum polarisation of 5.85 μC/cm² and an inverse piezoelectric coefficient of 7.4 pm/V. The dielectric and piezoelectric properties obtained are comparable or superior to the state-of-the-art.     

Abnormal grain growth in (K,Na)NbO3-based lead-free piezoceramic powders

Abnormal grain growth (AGG) is frequently observed in sintered (K, Na)NbO₃ (KNN)-based piezoceramics. However, in the present study, abnormal grain growth was unexpectedly discovered in calcined KNN-based powders. To explain the phenomenon, three well-established models that account for the AGG in sintered ceramics were discussed, including (a) liquid-phase-assisted grain growth, (b) two-dimensional nucleation grain growth, and (c) complexion coexistence. However, the AGG in calcined powders was concluded to be none of them, but a consequence of the A-site compositional inhomogeneity in the K₂CO₃-Na₂CO₃-Nb₂O₅ ternary system. Since repeated calcination and ball milling have low efficiency on solving AGG and the accompanied compositional inhomogeneity, abnormal grains were found to coexist with normal grains at a very high calcination temperature, that is, 1000°C. The compositional inhomogeneity is believed to be remaining even after sintering and consequently deteriorate the comprehensive performances, which might be a determinant for the unstable reproduction of KNN-based piezoceramics.     

Electromechanical properties of flash sintered BNT-based piezoelectric ceramic

Lead-free, (BiNa_0.88K_0.08Li_0.04)_0.5Ti_0.995 Mn_0.015 O₃ piezoceramic has been successfully densified by a novel electrical current applied technique known as flash sintering (FS) at 880 °C. The effect of alternating and direct current, current density limit and holding time on the densification, crystal structure, electromechanical and electrical properties have been investigated. The optimum flash condition was obtained with a 1 KHz alternating current, 100 V·cm^?1 initial electric field and preset maximum current limit of 1.5 A·cm^-2. The flash sintered specimen is characterized with finer grain size (10–15 μm), slightly higher electromechanical properties and higher symmetry butterfly shape strain hysteresis loop compared to conventional sintering. Under both sintering conditions uniform distribution of elements and pure rhombohedral structure were observed. Flash sintering also results in lower resistivity and more significant grain boundaries contributions in the conduction mechanism.     

Excellent energy-storage properties of NaNbO3-based lead-free antiferroelectric orthorhombic P-phase (Pbma) ceramics with repeatable double polarization-field loops

The energy-storage performance of stable NaNbO₃-based antiferroelectric (AFE) ceramics was for the first time reported in (0.94-x)NaNbO₃-0.06BaZrO₃-xCaZrO₃ lead-free ceramics. A gradual evolution from an instable AFE phase (x≤0.01) to an orthorhombic AFE P phase (Pbma) (0.01<x≤0.05) was found to accompany the appearance of repeatable double-like polarization versus electric field loops although poled samples (x<0.01) own an AFE monoclinic phase (P2₁). Interestingly, compared with x≤0.01 samples with instable antiferroelectricity, a relatively high recoverable energy storage density W_rec ? 1.59 J/cm³ (@ 0.1 Hz) and a storage efficiency η of ?30% were achieved in the x = 0.04 ceramic. Moreover, a high W_rec of > 1.16 J/cm³ and an outstanding charge-discharge performance with fast discharge rate (t_0.9 < 100 ns) were generated in the temperature range from room temperature to 180 °C in the x = 0.04 ceramic. These results suggest that NaNbO₃-based AFE P-phase ceramics could be new potential dielectric materials for high-energy storage capacitors.     

Improving photostriction of KNN-based ceramics by MnO2 additive and polarization

The effects of sintering additives on photostriction properties have been rarely reported and the polarization effect of KNN-based ceramics on the photostriction characteristics remains uncertain. In the present work, a highly feasible approach has been adopted to obtain improved photostrictive coefficient (α = 2.4 × 10^?9 m²/W) for KNN-based ceramics by adding appropriate amount (x = 0.5 wt%) of MnO₂ as sintering additives into 0.97(K_0.5Na_0.5)NbO₃-0.03(La_0.51Na_0.49)(Zr_0.54Ni_0.46)O₃ (97KNN-3LNNZ) ceramics. The appropriate amount of MnO₂ (x ≤ 0.5 wt%) in the ceramics does not alter the inherent multi-phase structure and results in uniform grain growth of the ceramics. The ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity can be optimized by the “softening” effect of Mn²⁺ and Mn³⁺ in KNN-based ceramics. The addition of MnO₂ increases energy band gap and also optimizes the optical absorption properties in the near-infrared band. 97KNN-3LNNZ+0.5 wt% MnO₂ ceramics show optimum overall performance. In addition to this, for x = 0.5 wt% sample, the power-dependent Raman spectra of ceramics measured before and after the electrical poling shows that the prior E-field poling can enhance the red shift corresponding to F_2g bending vibration mode. Subsequently, there are changes in bond angle of elements induced by light in oxygen octahedron. These phenomena play active roles in getting a deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms of photostriction for ferroelectric ceramics.