Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for the Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds--Twenty Years of Progress

In 1981 the National Bureau of Standards, now the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), issued the first natural matrix Standard Reference Material (SRM) for the determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), SRM 1580 Organics in Shale Oil. In the next 10 years, additional natural matrix SRMs were developed including air and diesel particulate matter, petroleum crude oil, coal tar, sediment, and mussel tissue. The SRMs represented the "first generation" of natural matrix SRMs for the determination of PACs. The SRMs had "certified" values for only 5 to 12 PACs; however, their development established the foundation for the implementation of the "two or more independent analytical techniques" approach for certification of individual PACs in environmental matrices. The requirement for use of different analytical techniques spurred the development of both gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) approaches for the determination of PACs. Since the mid-1990s, the "second generation" of natural matrix SRMs has been issued by NIST with certified values for over 20 PACs in each material. The greater number of certified values in these SRMs was the result of the combination of measurements using reversed-phase LC with fluorescence detection, multidimensional LC, and GC with mass spectrometric detection using two or more stationary phases with different selectivity for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) separations. This article discusses the significant developments in analytical methods and chromatographic separation of PAHs during the past 20 years that have resulted in the certification of over 25 SRMs, which are now used worldwide for the validation of analytical methods for the measurement of PACs in environmental matrices.     

Development and Analysis of Three Diesel Particulate-Related Standard Reference Materials for the Determination of Chemical,Physical, and Biological Characteristics

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has recently issued three Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) related to diesel particulate matter: SRM 1650a, Diesel Particulate Matter; SRM 2975, Diesel Particulate Matter (Industrial Forklift); and SRM 1975, Diesel Particulate Extract. These three materials have certified and reference concentrations for selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including many alkyl-substituted compounds. SRM 1650a is the reissue of an existing material and SRMs 2975 and 1975 represent new materials. The characterization of the PAH content of these three diesel particulate-related SRMs is presented with a discussion of the approach for the certification of PAH concentrations. In addition, the physical and biological characterization of these materials is discussed. A review of customer reported uses of these SRMs in the chemical, physical, and biological sciences is also provided.     

以科研促进高校教学团队建设

教学团队建设对提高本科生培养质量具有十分重要的作用。本文论述了科研为课堂教学、实验教学和研究性实践活动提供的广泛支撑,为培养学生的学习兴趣、创新思维和实践能力提供的有力保障,介绍了合肥工业大学材料电化学团队在科研与教学结合方面的措施与成效,提出开展科研是教学团队建设的固本之举。     

以科研项目为导向优化材料类实验室

当今高校教育教学过程中,越来越需要将理论教学和科研项目融合在一起,通过二者的相互作用,增强学生实验教学的学习效果.科研项目制度化和科学化的管理,既能够保证科研项目圆满完成,又能为实验教学的实施提供一定的环境和实施内容,确保高校教育及实验教学能够最大化地出成果、出人才.本文探讨了材料类科研项目和教学实验相互融合的方法,并提出了适合将材料类科研项目转化成学生实验教学的建议.     

材料化学专业实验的优化设计与实践

针对材料化学专业特点,我院依据办学经验和教学、科研特色与优势,将材料化学专业实验分为专业基础实验和专业创新训练两大教学模块进行教学.本文介绍了材料化学专业实验的教学理念、实验教学内容和考核办法.     

Flow pattern measurement in a full scale silo containing iron ore

The flow pattern in a silo is important because it affects both the recovery of solids and the pressures on the silo wall during discharge. Wherever mass flow is not achieved, the boundary of the flow channel has significant implications for both the functional and structural design of the silo. Many techniques have been used for the study of flow patterns in model silos, but most cannot be used at full scale, and very few quality measurements at full scale have ever been made. This paper outlines a full scale experimental study in which the patterns of solids flow and the flow channel boundaries are reliably quantified.The full scale silo was specially designed, constructed and instrumented to exhibit funnel flow and to make observations of the solids flow pattern and the silo wall pressures. It had three outlets: one concentric, one fully eccentric and one in between. Three materials were used: iron ore pellets, slag fines and crushed basalt. This paper describes experiments involving iron ore pellets. The silo was seeded with radio frequency tags whose residence times were measured by detecting them on exit during discharge. The residence time data were studied to deduce the discharge flow pattern. This paper presents the results of three different flow pattern interpretation techniques: the best of them (mass-time relationships) is shown to give a very clear identification of the solids flow pattern and the flow channel boundary.     

分子模拟技术在壳聚糖功能材料开发和应用中的研究进展

壳聚糖因其优良的生物相容性、可再生性、生物降解性以及絮凝、吸附性而被广泛应用于医药、能源、环保等领域。随着统计力学和计算机科学的快速发展,应用分子模拟研究壳聚糖材料的开发和应用已成为热点。本文综述了近年来分子模拟技术在该领域的研究进展,归纳了分子模拟的基本方法及特点,详述了以量子化学为基础的分子模拟软件Materials Studio在壳聚糖研究中的常用模块以及应用。在此基础上,介绍了利用分子模拟对壳聚糖分子结构、微观反应机理、相容性的分析与预测,以及壳聚糖在生物医用材料、燃料电池、缓蚀剂、水处理应用领域的分子模拟研究进展,总结分析了分子模拟方法在壳聚糖功能材料开发和应用中的优势以及在微观机理探索方面的不足,提出了采用多尺度模拟、与机器学习相结合等提高模拟结果准确性和计算速度的研究方法,为未来设计开发新型壳聚糖材料提供新的思路。     

黑梯炸药力学性能与感度的分子动力学研究

为了研究黑梯炸药配方对其力学性能与感度的影响,用Materials Studio软件建立了黑梯炸药的晶胞模型。采用分子动力学方法,计算了不同配方的黑梯炸药的力学性能、引发键键长分布、键连双原子作用能与内聚能密度,并对其变化情况并进行了比较。结果表明,在黑梯炸药中,随着RDX的质量分数从30%增加到80%,黑梯炸药的力学性能参数在一定范围内波动,其中拉伸模量变化范围为1.772 3~2.825 1GPa,剪切模量变化范围为0.636 6~1.042 8GPa,体积模量变化范围为2.734 1~3.747 9GPa,柯西压变化范围为1.203 2~2.181 6GPa,泊松比变化范围为0.354 6~0.397 0,而最大键长从0.155 4nm增至0.162 6nm,键连双原子作用能从167.6kJ/mol减至152.3kJ/mol,内聚能密度从0.899kJ/cm~3减至0.678kJ/cm~3,表明炸药的感度增大。     

超支化聚合物用于材料制备和改性的研究

综述了近年来超支化聚合物在聚合物增韧、增塑、粉体填料的表面改性以及制备纳米粒子和纳米复合材料等方面的研究进展。