接枝共聚法制备高吸水性树脂

采用反相悬浮聚合法,以过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,以淀粉为主要原料,与丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸接枝共聚制备了高吸收性树脂。讨论了搅拌速率、分散剂的种类、引发剂用量、交联剂用量、丙烯酸的中和度、环己烷与水的比例对接枝共聚物吸水性能的影响。制备得到的树脂吸水能力可达600g／g,吸0．9％的生理盐水达70g／g。     

LDPE及LDPE/TiO_2纳米复合材料的熔限及等温结晶研究

采用熔融共混法制备了LDPE／TiO2纳米复合材料,以膨胀计对LDPE及LDPE／TiO2复合材料的熔点、熔限及等温结晶进行了研究。结果表明：膨胀计可用于LDPE及LDPE／TiO2纳米复合材料熔点及熔限的测试：与LDPE相比,LDPE／TiO2复合体系的半结晶期及AVrami指数较小,表明TiO2粒子对LDPE的结晶具有明显的异相成核作用;而Avrrdmi指数为非整数,且Avrami作图直线的最后部分与实验点的偏离,则表明LDPE及LDPE／TiO2纳米复合材料的等温结晶过程比Avrami方程要复杂得多。     

Adsorption behaviour of functional grafting particles based on polyethyleneimine for chromate anions

Polyethyleneimine (PEI) was first grafted on the surfaces of micro-sized silica gel particles in the manner of the coupling graft, forming the grafting particles PEI/SiO₂. Afterward, for the grafted PEI, two polymer reactions, tertiary amination reaction and quaterisation, were allowed to be carried out in turn, and a kind of functional composite particles, QPEI/SiO₂, was obtained. QPEI/SiO₂ particles were used as solid adsorbent in the removal of chromate anions from aqueous solution. The static adsorption experiments (batch method) were performed, the effects of various factors on the adsorption capacity of QPEI/SiO₂ were examined, and the dynamic desorption experiments were also carried out. The experimental results show that QPEI/SiO₂ particles have strong adsorption ability for CrO₄²⁻ ions by right of electrostatic interaction, and the saturated adsorption amount actually reach up to 0.14 g/g. The isothermal adsorption behaviour is fitted to Langmuir model. The adsorption ability of QPEI/SiO₂ particles for CrO₄²⁻ ions is affected greatly by the quaterisation degree of the grafted PEI macromolecules. The QPEI/SiO₂ particles with higher quaterisation degrees have greater adsorption capacities. The adsorption ability of QPEI/SiO₂ particles for CrO₄²⁻ ions is nearly independent of pH values of the medium. QPEI/SiO₂ particles have excellent eluting and regenerating property as a mixed solution of NaOH and NaCl is used as eluent.     

Catalytic behavior of ruthenium in soybean oil hydrogenation

Soybean oil was hydrogenated with a carbon‐supported ruthenium catalyst (Ru/C) at 165 °C, 2 bar H₂ and 500 rpm stirring speed. Reaction rates, trans isomer formation, selectivity ratios and melting behaviors of the samples were monitored. No catalytic activity was found for the application of 10 ppm of the catalyst, and significant catalytic activity appeared at >50 ppm of active catalyst. The catalyst concentration had an effect on the reaction rate of hydrogenation, but the weight‐normalized reaction rate constant (k_c) was almost independent of the catalyst concentration at lower iodine values. Ru/C generated considerable amounts of trans fatty acids (TFA), including high amounts of trans 18:2, and also stearic acid, due to its very non‐selective nature. The selectivity ratios were found to be low and varied between 1.12 and 4.32 during the reactions. On the other hand, because of the low selectivity, higher slip melting points and solid fat contents at high temperatures were obtained than those for nickel and palladium catalysts. Another different characteristic of this catalyst was the formation (max 1.67%) of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) during hydrogenation. Besides, CLA formation in the early stages of the reactions did not change very much with the lower iodine values.     

Synthesis of a graft polymer PVAc-g-[P(AN-r-BVE)-b-PCHO] in “one-step” by radical/cationic transformation polymerization and coupling reaction

This article reports a new “one-step” synthesis of graft polymers based on the radical/cationic transformation polymerization. Using the synthetic method proposed, a graft polymer (PVAc-g-[P(AN-r-BVE)-b-PCHO]) consisting of a partly hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc-OH) backbone and block polymer grafts of acrylonitrile/n-butyl vinyl ether random copolymer (P(AN-r-BVE)) and poly(cyclohexene oxide) (PCHO) was synthesized in situ by radical/cationic transformation polymerization of a mixture of AN/BVE/CHO in the presence of PVAc-OH. The graft polymer, PVAc-g-[P(AN-r-BVE)-b-PCHO], was fully characterized by ¹H NMR, IR, gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. The graft polymer, PVAc-g-[P(AN-r-BVE)-b-PCHO], was hydrolyzed with NaOH to form a poly(vinyl alcohol)-based amphiphilic graft polymer, PVA-g-[P(AN-r-BVE)-b-PCHO]. The aggregation behavior of the amphiphilic graft polymer was investigated briefly by atomic force microscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements.     

含N、K的羧甲基纤维素类吸水剂的制备及性能研究

以过硫酸钾为引发剂,以N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,用羧甲基纤维素与丙烯酸、丙烯酸钠、丙烯酸钾进行自由基接枝共聚,再以氨水中和所得接枝共聚物,制备了不同含氮量的吸水树脂。研究了原料配比及氨水中和度对吸水率的影响。结果表明:在羧甲基纤维素:丙烯酸=1:10,交联剂:引发剂:羧甲基纤维素=1:3:200的条件下,聚合物的吸水性能随体系中丙烯酸中和度的提高而变强;用氨水中和制得的聚合物的吸水性能以中和度为80%时最强,吸去离子水可达563.5g/g、自来水232.5g/g、0.9%的生理盐水100.5g/g、人工尿54.5 g/g,具有相当好的耐盐性和实用性。     

乙烯-丙烯酸酯-马来酸酐三元共聚物熔融插层有机蒙脱土对膨胀阻燃聚丙烯薄膜性能的影响

以新型成炭剂(CFA)、改性聚磷酸铵(MAPP)、乙烯-丙烯酸酯-马来酸酐三元共聚物熔融插层有机蒙脱土(EMH-OMMT)母粒复配成膨胀阻燃剂(IFR),与聚丙烯(PP)共混后通过流延薄膜机制备膨胀阻燃PP薄膜。对其进行了阻燃性能、力学性能测试,并运用热重分析表征了其热分解过程。相比未熔融插层OMMT和传统的4A分子筛协效剂,EMH-OMMT不仅提高了体系的阻燃性能,使薄膜(0.2mm)在IFR添加28%时通过了VTM-0级,而且明显提高了体系的力学性能。     

高Cr镍基合金脱氮反应热力学与动力学研究

Cr作为抗热腐蚀性元素铬在高温合金中广泛添加,因其可增大氮元素溶解度,故高铬合金的冶金脱氮难度较大。合金氮含量升高可引发氮化物析出进而影响材料组织质量与力学性能,因此,非常必要澄清高Cr合金的脱氮行为与规律。本文以高Cr镍基合金为实验对象,对其在真空感应熔炼脱氮过程的热力学与动力学进行研究。结果表明,氮在高Cr镍基合金中的热力学平衡溶解度较高且主要受真空压力控制,为实现[N]≤10 ppm的纯净度指标,合金冶炼真空压力不可高于0.1Pa。脱氮反应初期氮含量迅速下降,但反应中后期需较长时间才可接近氮平衡溶解度,提高精炼温度有助于缩短脱氮平衡反应时间。动力学分析表明高Cr镍基合金脱氮符合二级反应规律,受界面化学反应过程控制,1500℃、1550℃和1600℃条件下的脱氮表观速率常数分别为0.0184m?s-1、0.0233 m?s-1和0.0397 m?s-1,表观活化能为211.4 kJ?mol-1。     

提高18Mn—18Cr—N扩环钢中氮含量及收得率的研究

护环作为发电机一个最关键的零件，由于其所起的作用及受力状态决定了要求超高的强度、良好的塑韧性、无磁性及优秀的抗应力腐蚀的能力，为了提高制造18Mn-18Cr-n护环的强度等级，经分析认为提高护环钢中的氮含量是一个关键的因素，在对影响18Mn-18Cr-N钢中氮含量的因素进行分析研究及实验室小感应炉的模拟实验的基础上，编制出冶炼工艺，并在电炉上进行了6炉次的实践，钢中的氮含量达到了0.69%，氮的收得率最高达到71%，大大高于常规工艺方法的水平，达到了日本制钢所室兰工厂该钢种的氮含量水平。     

选区激光熔化Inconel 718合金的熔池形态与组织

通过不同扫描速度和扫描方式的选区激光熔化(SLM)技术制备了Inconel 718合金,研究了工艺参数对熔池的形态、凝固组织、晶粒大小和晶粒取向的影响。结果表明,随着扫描速度增加,熔池的深度与宽度的比值增大,曲率增大;而扫描速度为1 450mm/s时,采用单向扫描比十字交叉扫描时深宽比值更大。在熔池内,凝固组织由熔池底部的胞晶向熔池侧面的胞枝晶转变。晶粒以<001>方向择优生长,其晶粒间的取向差角以小角度(<15°)为主。当十字交叉扫描时,随着扫描速度增加,小角度取向差角的分布分数增加。当速度一定、采用十字交叉扫描时,小角度的取向差角占比为62.57%,而采用单向扫描时为47.69%。