Research and Development of Superconducting Magnet for Fusion Power

This paper describes mainly technological achievment of superconducting magnet for fusion power for the latest 10 years in Japan. The magnet development had been devoted to tokamak Fusion Experimental Reactor (FER). The major results obtained up to now are as follows.

In toroidal coil program, 12 T field generation, which is requested in a reactor toroidal coil, was realized with 6 kA multifilamentary Nb3Sn conductor in 1 m bore. For scaling-up of toroidal coil, half size coils of FER, LCT coils were tested up to 9 T.

In poloidal coil program, Demo Poloidal Coil project is now under way and coil testing will be started in spring of 1989. The stored energy of this coil is around 40 MJ.

In cryogenic technology program, fabrication and operation of large helium refrigerator technology were well established. A supercritical helium pump of 500 g/s was tested for forced flow coil.     

BWR in-core fuel management optimization using parallel simulated annealing in FORMOSA-B

The process of finding optimized fuel reload patterns for boiling water reactors is complicated by a number of factors including the large number of fuel assemblies involved, the three-dimensional neutronic and thermal-hydraulic variations, and the interplay of coolant flow rate with control rod programming. The FORMOSA-B code was developed to provide an automated method for finding fuel loading patterns, control rod programs and coolant flow rate schedules to minimize certain quantitative metrics of core performance while satisfying given operational constraints. One drawback of this code has been the long runtimes required for a complete cycle optimization on a desktop workstation (oftentimes several days or more). To address this shortcoming, a parallel simulated annealing algorithm has been added to the FORMOSA-B code, so that the runtimes may be greatly reduced by using a multiprocessor computer cluster. Tests of the algorithm on a sample problem indicate that it is capable of parallel efficiencies exceeding 80% when using four processors.     

Scale up of 2,4-dichlorophenol removal from aqueous solutions using Brassica napus hairy roots

Chlorophenols are harmful pollutants, frequently found in the effluents of several industries. For this reason, many environmental friendly technologies are being explored for their removal from industrial wastewaters. The aim of the present work was to study the scale up of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) removal from synthetic wastewater, using Brassica napus hairy roots and H₂O₂ in a discontinuous stirred tank reactor. We have analyzed some operational conditions, because the scale up of such process was poorly studied. High removal efficiencies were obtained (98%) in a short time (30 min). When roots were re-used for six consecutive cycles, 2,4-DCP removal efficiency decreased from 98 to 86%, in the last cycle. After the removal process, the solutions obtained from the reactor were assessed for their toxicity using an acute test with Lactuca sativa L. seeds. Results suggested that the treated solution was less toxic than the parent solution, because neither inhibition of lettuce germination nor effects in root and hypocotyl lengths were observed. Therefore, we provide evidence that Brassica napus hairy roots could be effectively used to detoxify solutions containing 2,4-DCP and they have considerable potential for a large scale removal of this pollutant. Thus, this study could help to design a method for continuous and safe treatment of effluents containing chlorophenols.     

固定床反应器拟均相轴向扩散模型通用软件的开发

本文对求解化学反应器轴向扩散模型的四种数值方法—迭代法、打靶法、有限差分法和正交配置法进行了比较,对迭代法做了改进。利用改进的迭代法开发了求解化学反应器轴向扩散模型的通用程序。     

R＆D and Application of Catalyst for Resid Hydrotreating in Upflow Reactor

In order to extend the operating cycle of the upflow reactor for resid hydrotreating, the Research Institute of Petroleum Processing taking into account the specifics of resid hydrotreating upflow reactor has developed the high-performance RUF series of catalysts suitable for operation in the upflow reactor. The results of commercial application of catalysts revealed that this RUF series of catalysts loaded after optimized grading could effectively remove metals, sulfur and carbon residue from the residuum to provide improved oil for the following fixed-bed reactor. In the meantime, the RUF series of catalysts have excellent stability to reach an operating cycle of 1.5 years, resulting in minimization of losses caused by refinery downtime.     

基于粒群衡算的环管反应器中聚丙烯颗粒粒径分布影响因素的分析

 在液相本体法环管反应器聚丙烯生产过程中, 聚丙烯颗粒粒径分布影响聚合速率、气力输送、后处理工序生产成本和最终的聚丙烯物性,特别是对后续工序有流化床烯烃共聚的工艺有重要影响. 为预测环管反应器中聚丙烯的粒径分布, 考察各操作变量和动力学参数对聚丙烯粒径分布的影响, 运用了粒群衡算方法. 在综合分析环管反应器中物料流型、聚丙烯颗粒动力学和聚丙烯颗粒生长的基础上, 建立了稳态操作时聚丙烯颗粒粒径分布预测模型. 模型计算结果表明, 当单一粒径催化剂进料时, 随着催化剂粒径或是预聚合与主聚合反应温度的增加, 聚丙烯粒径分布向大粒径方向偏移, 且分布变宽; 相比于反应温度, 催化剂粒径作用更为显著. 同时发现, 丙烯进料流速粒径, 而且也影响其粒径分布曲线, 并在一定的质量比下会出现双峰颗粒粒径分布曲线.     

陶瓷UO2畸形球的控制方法

研究了用于高温气冷核反应堆燃料核芯中畸形球的种类、产生机理及其控制方法。在500 ℃以下空气中进行了脱碳研究，结果发现破裂球(缺裂球、沟槽球等)的产生基本上来源于干球的不完全脱碳所致。在振动分散条件下进行了溶胶的分散研究。结果发现，孪生球和椭圆球的形成基本上来源于溶胶的不均匀分散所致。因此，为了控制和防止上述两类畸形球的形成，最重要的方法是，(1)必须在一定脱碳程序下供给必要的空气量，确保脱碳完全；(2)必须采用合理的溶胶参数下保持均匀分散，以保证球形均匀。     

DCS过程通道测试子系统的设计

介绍了ＤＪＫ－ ７５００ ＤＣＳ 过程通道测试子系统的技术需求和设计思路，阐述了系统的工作原理，并给出了控制程序的结构及主要模块的流程图     

Influence of Zn on the oxide layer on AISI 316L(NG) stainless steel in simulated pressurised water reactor coolant

The oxidation of AISI 316L(NG) stainless steel in simulated pressurised water reactor (PWR) coolant with or without addition of 1 ppm Zn at 280 °C for up to 96 h has been characterised in situ by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), both at the corrosion potential and under anodic polarisation up to 0.5 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). Additional tests were performed in simulated PWR coolant with the addition of 0.01 M Na₂B₄O₇ to exclude the effect of pH excursions probably due to Zn hydrolysis reactions. The thickness and in-depth composition of the oxide films formed at open circuit and at 0.5 V vs. RHE in the investigated electrolytes have been estimated from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiles. The kinetic and transport parameters characterising the oxide layer growth have been estimated using a calculational procedure based on the mixed conduction model for oxide films. Successful simulations of both the EIS and XPS data have been obtained. The parameter estimates are discussed in terms of the effect of Zn on the oxide layers on stainless steel in PWR conditions.