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101.
T.M. Egelkraut D.E. Kissel M.L. Cabrera W. Adkins 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2003,66(1):1-12
The N mineralized from soil organic matter provides an important portion of N available for crop production. The objective of this study was to determine the amount of spatial variability in N mineralization potential in a field and to evaluate three different methods that might be used to estimate this variability. The three methods tested included predicting the N mineralized from surface soil properties as well as from a biological and a chemical procedure. Three soils varying in N mineralization potential were selected for the study from a field in the Georgia Coastal Plain. The N mineralized from these soils was determined by an N balance of unfertilized and cropped plots. The amount of N mineralized could not be reliably predicted from surface soil organic C, although surface soil clay concentration was positively correlated with the N mineralized. The N mineralized that was predicted using mineralization parameters determined by aerobic incubation, adjusted daily for soil water content and temperature, was approximately 50% of the field measurements of N mineralized. The values of NH4-N extracted with hot 2 M KCl were related significantly to N mineralized in the field (r2= 0.60) and also to the zero order rate constant of mineralization, k0 (r2= 0.77), determined from the N mineralized in the aerobic laboratory incubation. 相似文献
102.
Samuel J.A. Guieu Anna Maria Manotti Lanfredi Chiara Massera Laura Durn Pachn Patrick Gamez Jan Reedijk 《Catalysis Today》2004,96(4):259-264
Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene ether) (PPE), which is widely used in high-performance engineering plastics, is obtained by the copper-catalyzed oxidative coupling of 2,6-dimethylphenol. The oxidative polymerizations have been carried out in acetonitrile with structurally related [copper-(N,O-containing ligand)] complexes as the catalyst precursor compounds, which appeared to be of great interest for a better understanding of the factors influencing the catalytic activities. Steric effects (influence of a methyl group close to the metal center; ligands 4–7) or electronic effects (imino versus amino group; ligands 4, 5, 8 and 6, 7, 9, respectively) on the polymerization rates have been demonstrated. The use of mono- or dinucleating ligands has strengthened the proposed mechanism of the reaction involving dinuclear active species. 相似文献
103.
表面处理对氮化硅陶瓷力学性能的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用X射线衍射应力分析的sin2ψ法计算了Si3N4陶瓷试样的残余应力,并分别测量了表面处理前后Si3N4试样的力学性能。结果表明,经平面磨削后的Si3N4试样表面残余应力为拉应力,而抛光处理可适当降低残余应力。两种方法都使试样抗弯强度降低。 相似文献
104.
The absorption, fluorescence excitation and emission spectroscopy, and time‐dependent spectrofluorimetry have been used to study the photophysics of copolymers of N‐vinylcarbazole with different monomers like vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and butyl methacrylate in dichloromethane. In all the copolymers and at different N‐vinylcarbazole content, the absorption spectra reflect only the monomer carbazole units. The two kinds of excited monomer species of N‐vinylcarbazole are present in S1 state. Short‐lived (~3 ns) excited monomer decays forming low energy excimer obtained by the complete overlap of the excited carbazole monomer. The long‐lived excited monomer (~8 ns) decays to ground state without formation of any excimer. The high energy excimer is relatively short‐lived and is formed by the partial overlap of the carbazole units. The presence of bulky group in the copolymer chain hinders the formation of excimers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 372–380, 2006 相似文献
105.
The availability to plants of fertilizer phosphorus (P) applied to soil, as measured by chemical extraction, is used to estimate P fertilizer needs. We studied the availability of P, applied as monocalcium phosphate (MCP) powder, ordinary superphosphate (OSP) granules and diammonium phosphate (DAP) granules in 24 calcareous Vertisols and Inceptisols of Andalusia, Spain, by using laboratory incubation techniques. The soils differed widely in their P adsorption- and Ca-phosphate precipitation-related properties. For MCP, availability (defined as the proportion of added P that is recovered by extraction with NaHCO3 or is isotopically exchangeable) decreased markedly with incubation time and increasing addition rate. The mean recoveries after 180 d of incubation at field capacity at a rate of 246 mg P kg–1 soil were 17% for Olsen P, 38% for Colwell P, and 16% for isotopically exchangeable P (IEP). Increasing the application rate to 2460 mg kg–1 resulted in recoveries of 6% for Olsen P, 25% for Colwell P, and 4% for IEP. While IEP-based recovery was not significantly correlated to any soil property, that based on Olsen P (and, to a lesser extent, Colwell P) decreased sharply with increase in the ratio of clay (or Fe oxides) to total (or active) calcium carbonate equivalent. Accordingly, Olsen P might overestimate P availability in those soils relatively rich in carbonate and poor in clay and Fe oxides. On the other hand, recovery of applied P from soils containing more clay and Fe oxides, by a sequential extraction (with H2O, two 0.5M NaHCO3 treatments, 0.5M HCl), was lower than 100%, thereby suggesting phosphate occlusion by Fe oxides or clay.Availability of the fertilizers tested 90 d after application was found to decrease in the following order: MCP powder (rate, 246 mg kg–1) > DAP granules (rate, 547 mg kg–1) > MCP powder (rate, 738 mg kg–1) > OSP granules (rate, 308 mg kg–1). Differences between fertilizers tended to increase with increasing carbonate content in the soil. This may have been due to precipitation of Ca phosphates caused by the presence of Ca in the fertilizer and the high Ca- supplying capacity of the more calcareous soils. 相似文献
106.
107.
108.
Sluijsmans and Kolenbrander developed a simple model to describe the availability of animal manure, assuming a readily available, an easily decomposable and a slowly decomposable N fraction. We tested this model on data from an experiment in which farmyard manure had been applied for eleven successive years to silage maize [Zea mays L.] grown on a light sandy soil. The residual effects of this FYM were then measured by growing Italian ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum Lamk.] in the 12th year. The measured uptake of N by the grass of the FYM residues was then compared with the computed values. The measured amounts of N taken up agreed fairly well with the calculated amounts for applications of 50 and 100 t FYM per ha per year.If the rates of manure application are adjusted to crop requirement, the model shows that the potential, long-term release of N from the residual N fraction of FYM will not exceed 20 kg N per ha. For cattle slurry with a smaller residual fraction, the release will be at most 10% of the total annual N application. 相似文献
109.
提出了用精馏塔对含氮天然气脱除N2生产液化天然气(LNG),精馏塔塔釜液位的一种控制方法。该方法以脱氮分离效率和稳定的产品(LNG)出料温度为控制目标,建立了塔釜液位控制模型并仿真。整个闭环控制模型包括被控对象传递函数,调节阀传递函数,PID控制传递函数和检测传递函数。其中调节阀传递函数的建立,采用先计算阀位-Cv值(流量系数)曲线;然后通过系统辨识法[1]求得数学模型;最后利用泰勒级数把非线性化转化为线性化并求得传递函数。通过Matlab软件[2]的仿真,在阶跃干扰下,得到了合适的液位变化曲线和合适的阀位变化[3]。 相似文献
110.
Archis A. Yawalkar Albertus B. M. Heesink Geert F. Versteeg Vishwas G. Pangarkar 《加拿大化工杂志》2002,80(5):791-799
Gas hold‐up (?G) in air‐aqueous electrolyte solutions in stirred tank reactors (STR) is correlated using a relative gas dispersion parameter, N/Ncd and a surface tension factor (STF), (c/z)(dδ/dc)2. For electrolyte concentration below transition concentration (ct) a single correlation in the form of ?G = f(N/Ncd, vvm, STF) shows good agreement with gas hold‐up data over a wide range of system and operating conditions. Above ct no effect of STF on gas hold‐up is observed and the correlation obtained is of the form ?G = f(N/Ncd, vvm). Data available in the literature on large STR show good fit with the proposed correlation. 相似文献