Nitrate Additives Coordinated with Crown Ether Stabilize Lithium Metal Anodes in Carbonate Electrolyte

Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) are promising for next-generation batteries but have poor compatibility with the widely used carbonate-based electrolytes, which is a major reason for their severe dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency (CE). A nitrate additive to the electrolyte is an effective solution, but its low solubility in carbonates is a problem that can be solved using a crown ether, as reported. A rubidium nitrate additive coordinated with 18-crown-6 crown ether stabilizes the LMA in a carbonate electrolyte. The coordination promotes the dissolution of NO₃⁻ ions and helps form a dense solid electrolyte interface that is Li₃N-rich which guides uniform Li deposition. In addition, the Rb (18-crown-6)⁺ complexes are adsorbed on the dendrite tips, shielding them from Li deposition on the dendrite tips. A high CE of 97.1% is achieved with a capacity of 1 mAh cm⁻² in a half cell, much higher than when using the additive-free electrolyte (92.2%). Such an additive is very compatible with a nickel-rich ternary cathode at a high voltage, and the assembled full battery with a cathode material loading up to 10 mg cm⁻² shows an average CE of 99.8% over 200 cycles, indicating a potential for practical use.     

Stabilization of Amorphous Calcium Carbonate with Nanofibrillar Biopolymers

Calcium carbonate is the most abundant biomineral that is biogenically formed with a vast array of nano and microscale features. Among the less stable polymorphs present in mineralized organisms, the most soluble, amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), formed in chitin exoskeletons of some crustacea, is of particular interest since aqueous stability of isolated ACC is limited to a few hours in the absence of polyanions or magnesium. Here the influence of a selection of biopolymer gels on the mineralization of calcium carbonate is investigated. Mineralization is achieved in all biopolymers tested, but is particularly abundant in collagen hydrogels, in which a significant proportion of the calcium carbonate (≈18%) is found to be amorphous. In dense collagen gels, this amorphous fraction does not crystallize for up to six weeks in deionized water at room temperature. The reason why collagen in particular should stabilize this phase remains obscure, although the results suggest that the fiber diameter, fiber spacing, and the amphoteric nature of collagen fibers are important. Upon immersion in phosphate containing solutions, the calcium carbonate present within the collagen hydrogels is readily converted to carbonated hydroxyapatite, enabling the formation of a stiff bone‐like composite containing 78 wt% mineral, essentially equivalent to cortical bone.     

Durable Integrated K-Metal Anode with Enhanced Mass Transport through Potassiphilic Porous Interconnected Mediator

K-metal batteries have become one of the promising candidates for the large-scale energy storage owing to the virtually inexhaustible and widely potassium resources. The uneven K⁺ deposition and dendrite growth on the anode causes the batteries prematurely failure to limit the further application. An integrated K-metal anode is constructed by cold-rolling K metal with a potassiphilic porous interconnected mediator. Based on the experimental results and theoretical calculations, it demonstrates that the potassiphilic porous interconnected mediator boosts the mass transportation of K-metal anode by the K affinity enhancement, which decreases the concentration polarization and makes a dendrite-free K-metal anode interface. The interconnected porous structure mitigates the internal stress generated during repetitive deposition/stripping, enabling minimized the generation of electrode collapse. As a result, a durable K-metal anode with excellent cycling ability of exceed 1, 000 h at 1 mA cm⁻²/1 mAh cm⁻² and lower polarization voltage in carbonate electrolyte is obtained. This proposed integrated anode with fast K⁺ kinetics fabricated by a repeated cold rolling and folding process provides a new avenue for constructing a high-performance dendrites-free anode for K-metal batteries.     

Fluoroethylene Carbonate Additives to Render Uniform Li Deposits in Lithium Metal Batteries

Lithium (Li) metal has been considered as an important substitute for the graphite anode to further boost the energy density of Li‐ion batteries. However, Li dendrite growth during Li plating/stripping causes safety concern and poor lifespan of Li metal batteries (LMB). Herein, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additives are used to form a LiF‐rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The FEC‐induced SEI layer is compact and stable, and thus beneficial to obtain a uniform morphology of Li deposits. This uniform and dendrite‐free morphology renders a significantly improved Coulombic efficiency of 98% within 100 cycles in a Li | Cu half‐cell. When the FEC‐protected Li metal anode matches a high‐loading LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ (NMC) cathode (12 mg cm^?2), a high initial capacity of 154 mAh g^?1 (1.9 mAh cm^?2) at 180.0 mA g^?1 is obtained. This LMB with conversion‐type Li metal anode and intercalation‐type NMC cathode affords an emerging energy storage system to probe the energy chemistry of Li metal protection and demonstrates the material engineering of batteries with very high energy density.     

纳米光催化技术应用于治理空气污染的研究

阐述了TiO2纳米光催化处理室内空气污染物质的反应机理,并以室内空气中常见的几种有机污染为例,分析了单一污染物的初始浓度、空气湿度、紫外光强度和正面空气速度等因素对光催化氧化速率的影响,综述了现今的研究现状及发展方向。     

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜和Fluo—3／AM检测细胞内游离钙

利用细胞培养技术，Ｃａ２＋敏感荧光探针Ｆｌｕｏ－３／ＡＭ标记细胞，激光扫描共聚焦显微镜检测鸡胚胎巨噬细胞内游离钙浓度（〔Ｃａ２＋〕ｉ）的变化。结果显示细菌脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）可引起培养的鸡胚胎巨噬细胞内〔Ｃａ２＋〕ｉ升高，ＬＰＳ的作用可被维拉帕米部分抑制。本实验表明激光扫描共聚焦显微镜结合Ｆｌｕｏ－３／ＡＭ能准确迅速地检测单个或多个贴壁粘附细胞胞内〔Ｃａ２＋〕ｉ的动态变化，并同步观察细胞的形态及其荧光分布情况。     

无团聚,纳米ZrO2增韧Al2O3基陶瓷材料

本文通过微波加热ＺｒＯＣｌ２·８Ｈ２Ｏ的醇水深液．用ＨＰＣ作分散剂．制备出无团聚、单分散的纳米水合二氧化锆。然后采用胶体工艺制备出Ａｌ２Ｏ３－ＺｒＯ２先躯体均混合的粉体。用ＸＲＤ分析ＺＴＡ的相结构。用ＳＥＭ观察断口形貌。结果发现，ＺｒＯ２均匀地分布在ＺＴＡ陶瓷中。粒径小于５００ｎｍ，并且主要以ｔ－ＺｒＯ２形式稳定存在。最后探讨了ＺＴＡ的增韧机制。     

四川冕宁稀土矿生产混合碳酸稀土新工艺

根据冕宁稀土矿特点 ,详细研究了氧化焙烧化学法生产混合碳酸稀土的原理和工艺条件。结果表明 ,产品属斜方晶体结构 ,为稀土碳酸盐正盐 ,质量稳定可靠     

还原-复分解法由天青石制备碳酸锶

提出还原－复分解法制备碳酸锶的新工艺。分析了还原剂、温度和时间对锶浸出率的影响,研究了氯化锶溶液中脱除杂质的方法和效果。     

湖南某萤石矿抑钙提质优化试验

为了降低生产现场萤石精矿中碳酸钙的含量,提高萤石精矿品质,对现场磁选选铁—浮硫—浮钨的尾砂进行萤石浮选优化。通过试验可知最佳粗选条件：给矿细度-0.074mm质量分数占68.09%,混合碱调pH=9.5,水玻璃用量2kg/t,CYP用量200g/t时,可获得碳酸钙含量较低的萤石粗精矿。在此基础上还探索了新型药剂SZ-1对碳酸钙的的抑制效果,在最佳试验条件下进行了1粗7精1扫浮选闭路浮选试验,最终获得了CaF₂含量92.61%,CaCO₃含量3.89% ,CaF₂回收率64.32%,CaCO₃回收率8.59%的萤石精矿。