污水深度处理中稳定亚硝化单元工艺的试验研究

常温下(17～24℃),以二级处理出水为原水,普通硝化污泥为种泥,通过控制曝气量创造较高的O2基质缺乏竞争梯度,成功启动短程硝化反应器,亚硝酸盐积累率高于90%.分别对0.03～0.60 mg/L等9个DO水平下的氮素化合物转化规律及DO、pH和ORP等参数的变化规律进行了研究.结果表明,通过O2基质缺乏竞争途径实现污水深度处理中的稳定亚硝化单元工艺是可行的;DO曲线特征点是最理想的过程控制参数;DO为0.30 mg/L是实现稳定亚硝化最理想浓度;DO、pH和ORP曲线特征点表征的是维持稳定亚硝化过程的转折点,而并非硝化终点.     

Effect of temperature and disinfection strategies on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in a bench-scale drinking water distribution system

The establishment of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), a group of autotrophic microorganisms responsible for nitrification in chloraminated distribution systems, was studied in a bench-scale distribution system. The potential significance of temperature and disinfectant residual associated with chloramination in full-scale drinking water distribution systems was assessed. Biofilm development was primarily monitored using AOB abundance and nitrite concentrations. The bench-scale system was initially operated under typical North American summer (22 degrees C) and fall (12 degrees C) temperatures, representing optimal and less optimal growth ranges for these microorganisms. Additional experimentation investigated AOB establishment at a suboptimal winter distribution system temperature of 6 degrees C. The effect of chloramine residual on AOB establishment was studied at higher (0.2-0.6mg/L) and lower (0.05-0.1mg/L) ranges, using a 3:1 (w/w) chlorine:ammonia dosing ratio. Conditions were selected to represent those typically found in a North American distribution system, in areas of low flow and longer retention times, respectively. Finally, the effect of a free chlorine residual on an established nitrifying biofilm was briefly examined. Results clearly indicate that AOB development occurs at all examined temperatures, as well as at selected monochloramine residuals. The maintenance of a disinfectant residual was difficult at times, but was more inhibitory to the nitrifying biofilm than the lower temperature. It can be concluded from the data that nitrification may not be adequately inhibited during the winter months, which may result in more advanced stages of nitrification the following season. Free chlorination can be effective in controlling AOB activity in the short term, but may not prevent reestablishment of a nitrifying biofilm upon return to chloramination.     

Online titrimetric and off-gas analysis for examining nitrification processes in wastewater treatment

The two steps of nitrification, namely the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate, often need to be considered separately in process studies. For a detailed examination, it is desirable to monitor the two-step sequence using online measurements. In this paper, the use of online titrimetric and off-gas analysis (TOGA) methods for the examination of the process is presented. Using the known reaction stoichiometry, combination of the measured signals (rates of hydrogen ion production, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide transfer) allows the determination of the three key process rates, namely the ammonia consumption rate, the nitrite accumulation rate and the nitrate production rate.Individual reaction rates determined with the TOGA sensor under a number of operation conditions are presented. The rates calculated directly from the measured signals are compared with those obtained from offline liquid sample analysis. Statistical analysis confirms that the results from the two approaches match well. This result could not have been guaranteed using alternative online methods.As a case study, the influences of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on nitrite accumulation are tested using the proposed method. It is shown that nitrite accumulation decreased with increasing DO and pH. Possible reasons for these observations are discussed.     

偶氮化合物的极谱行为及痕量亚硝酸盐测定的研究

本文研究了在氨性介质中,对氨基苯甲酸重氮盐与8-羟基喹啉形成偶氮化合物的最佳实验条件,并对电极反应机理作丁初步探讨,建立了一个灵敏、快速测定NO_2~-的新方法。大量NO_3~-存在不干扰。用于多种水样中痕量NO_2~-测定,获得满意结果,回收率为92％～100％。     

离子色谱法同时测定纯化水和饮用水中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐

目的:建立离子色谱法同时测定纯化水和饮用水中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的含量的方法。方法:以物质的量浓度为3.2 mmol/L的Na₂CO₃和物质的量浓度为1.0 mmol/L的NaHCO₃为淋洗液,以物质的量浓度为50 mmol/L的硫酸为再生液,采用MIC型离子色谱仪,METROSEP A SUPP 5-250柱分离,电导检测器检测,外标法定量。结果:亚硝酸盐:线性范围0.05 mg/L～2.0 mg/L,相关系数0.999 5,样品加标回收率为97.33%～98.67%,RSD为0.6%～1.2%,检出限为0.001 mg/L,定量限为0.002 mg/L;硝酸盐:线性范围0.01 mg/L～1.0 mg/L,相关系数0.999 3,样品加标回收率为95.44～97.04%,RSD为0.5%～0.7%,检出限为0.001 mg/L,定量限为0.002 mg/L。结论:该方法灵敏、快捷,能够用来同时测定纯化水和饮用水中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的含量,适用范围广。     

应用便携式快速水质检测仪测定生活用水中的亚硝酸盐

采用盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法利用便携式快速水质检测仪测定生活用水中的亚硝酸盐。结果表明线性关系为y=6.7684x-0.0002,R2为0.9999。在测定生活用水样品时,与采用TU-1901标准方法数据相比其相对误差在±0.36%之内。实验证明便携式快速水质检测仪测定生活用水中的亚硝酸盐与国标方法盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法(GBT 7493-1987)相比,没有显著性差异,且仪器具有方便快速的特点。     

Nitrite reduction with hydrous ferric oxide and Fe(II): Stoichiometry, rate, and mechanism

Fe(II)/Fe(III) oxide is an important redox couple in environmental systems. Recent studies have revealed unique characteristics of Fe(II)/Fe(III) oxide and reactions with oxidizing or reducing agents. Nitrite was used as an oxidizing agent in this study in order to probe details of these reactions and hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) was used as the Fe(III) oxide phase. Abiotic nitrite reduction is a significant global producer of nitric oxide (a catalyst for production of tropospheric ozone) and nitrous oxide (a greenhouse gas and contributor to stratospheric ozone depletion). All experiments were conducted at pH 6.8 using a strictly anoxic environment with mass-balance measurements for Fe(II). Oxidation of Fe(II) was negligible in the absence of HFO. The reaction was fast in the presence of HFO and was described by d[Fe(II)]/dt = −k_overall [Fe(II)_diss] [Fe(II)_solid-bound] [NO₂⁻] (k_overall = 2.59 × 10⁻⁷ μM⁻² min⁻¹) for Fe(II)/Fe(III) molar ratios less than 0.30. The reaction was inhibited for higher Fe(II)/HFO ratios. The concentration of solid-bound Fe(II) was constant after an initial equilibration period and the reaction stopped when dissolved Fe(II) was depleted even though substantial solid-bound Fe(II) and nitrite remained. The results regarding rate-dependence and conservation of solid-bound Fe(II) and inhibition of reaction at high Fe(II)/Fe(III) ratios were similar to our earlier results for the Fe(II)/HFO/O₂ system [Park, B., Dempsey, B.A., 2005. Heterogeneous oxidation of Fe(II) on ferric oxide at neutral pH and a low partial pressure of O₂. Environmental Science and Technology 39(17), 6494-6500.].     

Nitrite effectively inhibits sulfide and methane production in a laboratory scale sewer reactor

The production and emission of hydrogen sulfide and methane by anaerobic microoganisms in sewer systems is a well-documented problem. The effectiveness of nitrite in controlling sulfide and methane production was tested in a laboratory scale sewer reactor. Nitrite was continuously dosed in the reactor for 25 days at concentrations of 20-140mgN/L. No sulfide and methane accumulation was observed in the reactor in the presence of nitrite. A significant reduction was observed in the sulfate reduction and methane production capabilities of the biofilm. Nitrite also stimulated biological sulfide oxidation within the biofilm. The nitrite uptake rate of the reactor increased over the nitrite dosing period and nitrous oxide production was observed within the biofilm. When nitrite addition was stopped, sulfate reduction and methane production gradually resumed, and reached pre-nitrite addition levels after 2.5 months. The slow recovery suggests that nitrite can be applied intermittently for sulfide and methane control, which represents a key advantage over similar chemicals such as nitrate and oxygen. The study demonstrates nitrite addition as a promising and effective strategy for the management of sulfide and methane in sewers. Further investigation and optimization are still required before application in the field.