豫北平原地热资源分区及其开发利用研究

豫北平原地处华北盆地边缘,具有较高的地热流和地温梯度,巨厚的新生界沉积及其覆盖下的下古生界奥陶系、寒武系形成良好的地下水热储层。分析了研究区地温梯度、地温分布、地温异常以及不同深度地温分布,基于此,将研究区划分为8个地热分区：太行拱断束地热分区、汤阴断陷地热分区、内黄凸起地热分区、东明断陷地热分区、济源凹陷地热分区、武陟凸起地热分区、中牟凹陷地热分区、菏泽凸起(河南部分)地热分区。将研究区地热资源开采适宜性划分为最适宜、适宜、差的、不适宜四个等级,针对地热水不同梯级,根据温度、水质确定其不同的开发利用方向,进行综合开发利用。研究为合理开发利用地热资源提供依据。     

Sustainability of biofuels in Latin America: Risks and opportunities

Several Latin American countries are setting up biofuel programmes to establish alternative markets for agricultural commodities. This is mainly triggered by the current success of Brazilian bioethanol production for the domestic market and for export. Furthermore, the global biofuel market is expected to increase due to ambitious biofuel programmes in the EU and in the USA. Colombia, Venezuela, Costa Rica and Guatemala are focusing on bioethanol production from sugarcane whereas biofuel production in Argentina is based on soy biodiesel. Recent developments of the biofuel sector take place extremely rapid especially in Argentina, which became one of the five largest biodiesel producers in the world in 2008. Till date no specific biofuel sustainability certification systems have been implemented in Latin American, as well as on global level. This fact and the predominant use of food crops for biofuel production raise concerns about the sustainability of biofuel production related to environmental and social aspects. This paper provides an overview of the hotspots of conflicts in biofuel production in Latin America. It investigates presently available sustainability tools and initiatives to ensure sustainable biofuel production in Latin America. Finally, it provides an outlook on how to integrate sustainability in the Latin American biofuel sector.     

Incidence of adenoviruses in raw and treated water

Adenoviruses are of major public health importance and are associated with a variety of clinical manifestations, i.e. gastroenteritis, eye infections and respiratory infections. The importance of water in the epidemiology of adenoviruses and the potential health risks constituted by adenoviruses in water sources and supplies are widely recognised. This study was conducted to assess the incidence of human adenoviruses in raw and treated water systems. Various raw and treated water were routinely monitored for the presence of adenoviruses, over a 1-year period (July 2000-June 2001). The supplies were derived from acceptable quality surface water sources using treatment processes, which conform to international standards for the production of safe drinking water. Adenoviruses were detected by firstly amplifying the viruses in cell cultures and then amplifying the extracted nucleic acids of these viruses using molecular techniques (nested PCR). The results indicated human adenoviruses present in 13 (12.75%) of the raw and 9 (4.41%) of the treated water samples tested. The combination of cell culture and nested PCR has proved to be a quick and reliable method for the detection of adenoviruses in water environments.     

Emission characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from combustion of different residential coals in North China

Emission properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from combustion of six residential coals in North China were investigated. The results indicated that, the total emission factors (EFs) for 15 PAH species in gaseous and particulate phases ranged from 52.8 to 1434.8 mg/kg with a decreasing sequence of local bituminous coals and anthracite coals, and honeycomb briquettes were largely dependent on the raw coals used to produce them. Particulate phase, dominated by median or high molecular weight components, made a major contribution (68.8% - 76.5%) to the total EFs for bituminous coals, while gaseous phase with principal low molecular weight species accounted for most (86.3% - 97.9%) of the total EFs for anthracite coals. The phase partitioning of PAH emission for honeycomb briquettes was similarly dependent on the crude coals. The total EFs, phase partitioning and component profiles of emitted PAHs were mainly influenced by the inner components of the studied coals. Burning mode and flue number on household coal-stoves also affected the emission characteristics by means of the oxygen supply. A sum of seven carcinogenic PAHs, benzo(a)pyrene(BaP)-equivalent carcinogenic power and total toxicity potency expressed in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-dioxin(TCDD) toxic equivalence exhibited that bituminous coals and produced honeycomb briquettes had remarkably elevated values. Fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene from anthracite coals showed higher levels of BaP-based toxic equivalent factor, though the other toxicity indices were rather low for this type of coal.     

厦门北站双向不等高交叉桁架屋盖结构设计与分析

厦门北站屋盖是体形复杂的新型大跨折板形曲面空间网格结构,双向跨度达132m×220m。为满足建筑造型,首次采用了双向不等高交叉桁架组成的空间网格结构。为解决下弦压杆的稳定问题,采用了竖腹杆贯通节点区并使下弦杆连续穿越竖腹杆的新型圆钢筒节点。通过稳定分析及整体试验证明了这种结构形式是可靠合理的。工程采用了几种带暗节点板加强的新型相贯焊节点,有限元分析及节点试验结果表明这些节点是安全可靠的。工程通过风洞试验及风振分析解决了强台风地区大跨屋盖的抗风设计问题。     

15N同位素在华北冬小麦夏玉米氮营养来源研究中的应用

小麦-玉米一年两作是华北平原最主要的种植方式之一,对保障国家粮食安全至关重要。阐明该种植体系作物氮营养来源定量组成对区域养分资源管理、施肥制度优化、作物营养状况调控都具有十分重要的意义。¹⁵N作为氮元素的一种稳定同位素,其示踪技术在农田氮肥去向,作物氮营养来源等农业生产领域得到广泛应用。本文主要概述了¹⁵N同位素技术在研究当季施入化肥氮、前茬残留化肥氮、播前土壤固有硝态氮对华北冬小麦-夏玉米氮营养贡献中的具体应用方法、实例及相关研究结果,并对叶面肥氮、还田秸秆氮、大气沉降氮等其他氮营养来源的研究进行了展望,以期为该种植体系养分资源管理以及施肥制度优化提供理论参考。     

中美食品安全监管差异及对策建议

食品安全是世界性的难题,各国都有自己的制度。美国是世界上食品安全水平较高的国家之一,它在食品安全立法上体系完善,安全政策公开透明,监管严格缜密,值得我们借鉴。我国的食品安全监管体制在立法及实践方面存在配套法规体系滞后,风险监测、风险评估及预警基础薄弱,食品安全标准体系不统一、不衔接,地方经费投入明显不足,企业"第一责任人"意识不强等问题,因此我们要借鉴外国的先进经验,尤其要借鉴美国现有的食品安全法律、监管制度及做法,提高我们的食品安全监管水平。     

中国北方含油气盆地中、新生界碎屑岩储层特征与评价

中国北方地区众多的含油气盆地类型使得各盆地中的沉积物充填、成岩演化和储层性质有较大的差异,并最终导致了成岩类型的多样性、成岩演化的多向性和成岩机制的复杂性。中、新生界碎屑岩储层的基本特征是①发育冲积扇—河流—(扇)三角洲—滨浅湖沉积体系,主要油气砂体为三角洲平原和前缘中的辫状分流河道、水下分流河道、河口坝以及滨—浅湖中的滩坝砂体,其次为扇三角洲、浊积扇或湖底扇和河流等砂体。②砂岩储层的成分成熟度较低,以岩屑砂岩为主,其次为长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑长石砂岩和长石砂岩。从早到晚砂岩的成分成熟度趋于降低,与盆地构造演化的活动性逐渐增强是一致的。③砂岩以原生粒间孔隙为主,它的发育程度基本决定了储层性质的优劣;北方地区除了鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长统等少数地区发育溶蚀孔隙以致成为主要的储集空间外,大多数油气盆地从整体上讲,砂岩中原生孔隙的相对比例在50.0%以上,是砂岩储集空间的主要构成部分。砂岩孔隙类型的变化明显地表现出4个发育特点。④砂岩的成岩压实作用是储集性质的主要控制因素,各地区砂岩的压实减孔量占总减孔量的比例在50.0%?94.0%之间,基本上是胶结减孔量的2.0?10.0倍。因此,在北方含油气盆地中,研究砂岩的压实减孔规律对成岩作用和钻前储层性质的预测是十?     

Ecological consequences of hydropower development in Central America: impacts of small dams and water diversion on neotropical stream fish assemblages

Small dams for hydropower have caused widespread alteration of Central American rivers, yet much of recent development has gone undocumented by scientists and conservationists. We examined the ecological effects of a small hydropower plant (Doña Julia Hydroelectric Center) on two low‐order streams (the Puerto Viejo River and Quebradon stream) draining a mountainous area of Costa Rica. Operation of the Doña Julia plant has dewatered these streams, reducing discharge to ～10% of average annual flow. This study compared fish assemblage composition and aquatic habitat upstream and downstream of diversion dams on two streams and along a ～4 km dewatered reach of the Puerto Viejo River in an attempt to evaluate current instream flow recommendations for regulated Costa Rican streams. Our results indicated that fish assemblages directly upstream and downstream of the dam on the third order Puerto Viejo River were dissimilar, suggesting that the small dam (< 15 m high) hindered movement of fishes. Along the ～4 km dewatered reach of the Puerto Viejo River, species count increased with downstream distance from the dam. However, estimated species richness and overall fish abundance were not significantly correlated with downstream distance from the dam. Our results suggested that effects of stream dewatering may be most pronounced for a subset of species with more complex reproductive requirements, classified as equilibrium‐type species based on their life‐history. In the absence of changes to current operations, we expect that fish assemblages in the Puerto Viejo River will be increasingly dominated by opportunistic‐type, colonizing fish species. Operations of many other small hydropower plants in Costa Rica and other parts of Central America mirror those of Doña Julia; the methods and results of this study may be applicable to some of those projects. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国西部的大陆构造格架

在我国实施“西部大开发”战略的过程中,对中国西部大陆构造格架的正确认识至关重要,作者在近十余年研究的基础上提出三点新认识:1.根据近年对阿尔金断裂带内同变形期新生矿物的激光微区⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar测年结果,阿尔金断裂走滑变形可能起始于97~89Ma,它与喜马拉雅“西构造结”的形成(102~85Ma)近于同步,其累积错距达350~400km左右,晚白垩世—新生代同步错移了两侧原有的构造带和原型盆地。因此,在讨论中国西部大陆构造格架的形成时,首先考虑新生代由于喜马拉雅运动所引起的大尺度构造位移;2.组成中国西部大陆的地块分属于北亚型、扬子型和冈瓦纳型。其中塔里木、柴达木、阿拉善地块,古生代期间是一个统一的扬子型非稳定克拉通——西域板块,震旦纪—早古生代它和扬子—华南、印支、澳大利亚板块同样隶属于东风瓦纳大陆,而后裂解、漂移,晚古生代—印支期构造就位于贺兰山以西,喜马拉雅期被肢解、错移成现今被分隔的盆地(地块);3.北祁连山早古生代不是大洋盆地,而是西域克拉通陆内裂解出现洋壳的拗拉槽—小洋盆,它的西延部是塔里木盆地北部的满加尔—阿瓦提坳陷,新生代被阿尔金断裂左行错移达到现今的位置。北祁连山最终的造山作用,发生在上新世到早更新世末,与青藏高原隆升同步形成现今的推覆造山带。