The Metropolis as Integral Substance

l'AUC Architects and Urbanists (François Decoster, Caroline Poulin and Djamel Klouche) advocate an approach to typological urbanism that they refer to as ‘urbanism of substance’. Here they describe three projects for Paris in which they have developed this strategy for maximising the intensity between local, metropolitan and global conditions.     

微波辐射下稀土复合固体超强酸催化合成抑芽酸酯

借助微波辐射技术,以稀土复合固体超强酸Nd3+-SO42-/ZrO2作催化剂,1-萘乙酸和甲醇为原料合成了抑芽酸酯。通过单因素和正交实验,探讨了影响酯产率的主要因素,确定了最佳合成条件:醇酸摩尔比为16∶1,催化剂用量为醇酸总质量的11%,微波输出功率为480 W,辐射时间为12 min。在此优化条件下,抑芽酸酯的产率可达97%以上。实验结果表明:稀土复合固体超强酸Nd3+-SO42-/ZrO2对抑芽酸酯的合成具有良好的催化活性,同时微波辐射加快了反应进程。     

磨削深度对42CrMo钢磨削强化层的影响

研究了磨削深度对42CrMo钢强化层组织与硬度的影响。结果表明,在不同磨削深度条件下,强化层的马氏体粗细不均,表层显微硬度随磨削深度先增加后降低,完全强化层显微硬度在720～800 HV0.1之间,比基体硬度提高了2倍。随着磨削深度的增加,强化层厚度最小值也增加,在磨削深度为0.6 mm时强化层厚度可达1.8 mm。     

Decarbonization of the U.S. electricity sector: Are state energy policy portfolios the solution?

State governments have taken the lead on U.S. energy and climate policy. It is not yet clear, however, whether state energy policy portfolios can generate results in a similar magnitude or manner to their presumed carbon mitigation potential. This article seeks to address this lack of policy evidence and contribute empirical insights on the carbon mitigation effects of state energy portfolios within the U.S. electricity sector. Using a dynamic, long-term electricity dispatch model with U.S. power plant, utility, and transmission and distribution data between 2010 and 2030, this analysis builds a series of state-level policy portfolio scenarios and performs a comparative scenario analysis. Results reveal that state policy portfolios have modest to minimal carbon mitigation effects in the long run if surrounding states do not adopt similar portfolios as well. The difference in decarbonization potential between isolated state policies and larger, more coordinated policy efforts is due in large part to carbon leakage, which is the export of carbon intensive fossil fuel-based electricity across state lines. Results also confirm that a carbon price of $50/metric ton CO₂e can generate substantial carbon savings. Although both policy options – an energy policy portfolio or a carbon price – are effective at reducing carbon emissions in the present analysis, neither is as effective alone as when the two strategies are combined.     

Pt/Beta、Pt/SO42-/ZrO2和Pt/WO3/ZrO2催化剂上的正己烷异构化

通过引入K的方法调节Beta分子筛的酸性,考察了K负载量对Beta分子筛酸性的影响。制备了Pt/Beta、Pt/SO42-/ZrO2 与Pt/WO3/ZrO2 3种不同类型的催化剂,考察了它们的正己烷异构化催化活性及酸性与孔道结构对其催化活性的影响。结果表明,催化剂的异构化催化活性与其酸强度和酸量有关,其中酸强度对异构化活的影响更明显。而异构体产物的分布可能与催化剂的孔道结构及正己烷转化率有关,而与催化剂酸性无直接关联。具有合适孔径的催化剂对多支链烷烃的生成更有利,异构化反应可能是受动力学限制的择形反应。     

超声滚挤压风电轴承材料表面粗糙度加工参数敏感性研究

为了确定给定范围内的超声滚挤压风电轴承材料表面粗糙度加工参数的最优区间,以42CrMo钢风电轴承材料试样为研究对象,开展超声滚挤压表面粗糙度试验,基于试验结果构建表面粗糙度指数函数预测模型,分析加工参数对表面粗糙度及其灵敏度的影响,确定加工参数的稳定域和非稳定域,优选出最佳的超声滚挤压42CrMo钢表面粗糙度加工参数区...     

42CrMo钢锻件的白点研究

对42CrMo钢锻件白点的生成原因进行研究,采取相应的冶炼、锻造和热处理工艺和方法进行控制,以避免白点生成,提高42CrMo钢锻件质量。     

BNi68CrWB钎焊GH648/K42异种高温合金接头的组织与性能

采用BNi68CrWB钎料粉末对K24和GH648异种高温合金进行钎焊连接,分析了钎焊温度、保温时间、装配间隙等钎焊工艺参数对接头组织和性能的影响规律.结果表明,在钎焊接头可观察到三个特征组织区域:共晶区、等温凝固区和扩散区;钎焊温度过高,接头内部W-Cr-Ni脆性相增多,接头性能下降.保温时间延长可以促进钎料与母材之间元素的扩散,有利于获得均匀的固溶体组织,接头强度提高,但时间过长,性能略有下降.钎焊间隙在0.05~0.15 mm范围,钎焊温度1 150℃,保温时间30 min所得接头性能较高,约600 MPa.     

42CrMo钢轧制工艺优化

针对某轧钢厂生产的Φ100 mm以下规格42Cr Mo钢热轧态硬度超标现象,研究了常规轧制工艺和控轧控冷工艺,分析了不同工艺参数对42Cr Mo钢金相组织与硬度的影响。通过优化工艺参数,将终轧温度控制在830~850℃,轧后保温罩冷却速率控制在0.1~0.2℃·s-1,出保温罩温度控制在400~500℃。结果表明:采用常规轧制工艺,42Cr Mo钢的硬度值普遍在290~330 HBW之间,金相组织主要为贝氏体;采用控轧控冷工艺,42Cr Mo钢的硬度值可控制在220~260 HBW之间,金相组织为铁素体与珠光体;通过优化在线轧制工艺参数,42Cr Mo钢热轧态硬度满足了标准要求,降低了生产成本,提高了钢材的市场竞争力。     

淮河流域TRMM多源卫星降水产品精度评估

不同的地区卫星降水产品的预报能力差别较大,因此需对卫星降水产品进行精度评估。基于淮河流域26个气象站的降水数据,采用统计方法评估了2001~2011年热带降水观测计划(TRMM)最新一代降水产品3B42V7和3B42RTV7在中国气候过渡带淮河流域的适用性。结果表明,两种降水产品均存在高估现象,3B42V7的性能优于3B42RTV7,两种产品夏季性能明显优于冬季;3B42V7与3B42RTV7年降水量几乎均高于地面观测年降水量,3B42RTV7年降水量的估算性能比3B42V7差,两种降水产品在湿润年的性能优于干旱年;除在小降水事件(0~1mm)发生概率明显低外,3B42RTV7、3B42V7与站点降水发生频次的趋势几乎一致,且全年优于汛期。降水强度25mm/d时,两种降水产品会高估降水量,对25mm/d的降水事件会低估,两种降水产品的趋势一致且相差不大;汛期3B42V7对降水强度25mm/d的降水事件拟合较好。与3B42RTV7相比,3B42V7有稍高的确报率、临界成功率及较低的错报率;TMPA产品对小雨或弱降水的确报率较高,对强降水尤其是25mm/d以上的降水错报率高达70%以上。