Growth of Cu thin films by the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method

Copper thin films were grown on reduced indium tin oxide, molybdenum and polymer substrates using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. Copper films were grown sequentially in a controlled way using simple copper salt and basic solution of formaldehyde as precursors. The copper films were polycrystalline with no preferred orientation as characterised by X-ray diffraction. On all substrates, the growth was clearly island growth in the beginning but after the whole surface was covered, the growth was more homogeneous.     

Welding TiB¬2 Ceramics and Metal Mo with Combustion Reaction Technology

Combustion reaction welding, one promising method to weld ceramics and metals, was used to weld TiB¬2 and Mo. The results showed that the reacted products through combustion reaction were TiB¬2 and MoB when the Mo contents in reactants were 20 wt pct and 40 wt pct while there was Mo besides MoB and TiB¬2 when there were 60 wt pct and 80 wt pct Mo in reactants. Diffusion of elements occurred at the interfaces of the two substrates. The interfaces between the reacted and the two substrates were indistinct after being welded. The welding temperature strongly affected properties of the samples. The value of bending strength of the sample with 80 wt pct Mo in reactant welded at 1500℃ was the highest, 368.52 MPa. The highest value of shear strength among all the samples was that of the one with 40 wt pct Mo in reactant welded at 1500℃, 50.97 MPa.     

Wave-generated fractures in river ice covers

The breakup of the ice cover in northern rivers is a brief but crucial event in the life cycle of many aquatic species and can trigger extreme ice jam events with major socio-economic impacts and significant climate change implications. An important, but vaguely understood, breakup process is the fracture of the winter ice cover by low-amplitude water waves. Previous work on this subject has been based on the assumption of an infinitely long wave propagating under an infinitely long and “edgeless” ice cover. This configuration does not account for structural constraints imposed by the proximity of an ice edge or a transverse crack. Consequently, it only furnishes approximate values of bending stresses, and tells little about the spacing of cracks that may be generated by an advancing wave, which is the only visual evidence that can identify the relevant fracture mechanism in the field. Herein, edge proximity is taken into account by making plausible simplifications to the ice response equation, and using wave forms of limited extent. It is shown that such conditions generally produce higher bending stresses than does the infinite wave/edgeless cover configuration. The distance of the peak bending stress from the edge, which defines the spacing of cracks, varies with wavelength and is less than 100 ice thicknesses or so. This is comparable to that of high-amplitude, single waves (or surges) that result from ice jam releases, but much less than fractures generated by bending on horizontal planes, caused by the meandering river plan form. Comparison of the present results with the limited available evidence indicates that wave-generated fractures occur during the passage of ice jam release surges.     

软化学法合成层状结构LiMnO2阴极材料

研究了以氢氧化锂和醋酸锰为原料,用软化学法制备锂离子蓄电池阴极材料LiMnO2。用X射线衍射法确定了材料的结构及其结构转变,结合循环伏安法研究了材料组织结构与电化学性能之间的关系。实验结果显示,层状结构LiMnO2的最佳热合成温度是600 ℃,随着温度升高,材料由层状结构向尖晶石结构转变,层状结构中Mn原子的最密排原子面(003)重排成为尖晶石结构的(111)面;而部分层状结构材料(104)原子面上的Li原子发生转移,Mn原子重排形成尖晶石LiMn2O4的(400)原子面,这两个原子面的面间距不一样,造成XRD图谱上(104)峰的位置上出现新的衍射峰,并且由于原子面上原子种类和排布方式的不同,衍射峰强度也发生变化。热处理温度升高,使材料中相伴出现杂相Li2MnO3和尖晶石型的LiMn2O4,破坏材料的层状结构,降低电化学性能。     

Impaired Higher Order Implicit Sequence Learning on the Verbal Version of the Serial Reaction Time Task in Patients With Parkinson's Disease.

Although neuroimaging studies have strongly implicated basal ganglia involvement in implicit sequence learning, serial reaction time (SRT) studies with Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have yielded mixed results. The present research sought to examine the ability of people with PD to implicitly learn sequences with different sequential structures and to objectively assess explicit knowledge. A version of the SRT task that reduces motor demands was used to compare 19 patients with PD but not dementia and 37 matched controls. PD patients showed less implicit sequence-specific learning for both sequences and reduced response time improvement over sequential trials for the more complex sequence. A closer examination revealed that the deficit involved higher order sequential associations as well as the learning of pairwise information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Twelve-Week Outcomes From an Investigation of High-Dose Nicotine Patch Therapy for Heavy Smokers With a Past History of Alcohol Dependence.

This study reports findings from an investigation of the efficacy of high-dose nicotine patch (NP) therapy for heavy smokers with a past history of alcohol dependence. One hundred thirty participants were randomly assigned to 42 mg or 21 mg of transdermal nicotine for 4 weeks, followed by an 8-week dose titration. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 4 and 12 weeks. Differences between dose conditions were nonsignificant, although unexpectedly, outcomes favored participants in the 21-mg NP condition. Nicotine abstinence at follow-up was related to longer length of alcohol abstinence at time of enrollment. Future research should investigate ways to improve smoking quit rates in this population, including more frequent counseling sessions and/or other pharmacotherapies. These investigations should focus primarily on smokers in early alcohol recovery. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Identifying Psychopathy Subtypes on the Basis of Personality Structure.

The authors used model-based cluster analysis to identify subtypes of criminal psychopaths on the basis of differences in personality structure. Participants included 96 male prisoners diagnosed as psychopathic, using the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R; R. D. Hare, 1991). Personality was assessed using the brief form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ-BF; C. J. Patrick, J. J. Curtin, & A. Tellegen, 2002). The best-fitting model yielded two clusters. Emotionally stable psychopaths were characterized by low Stress Reaction and high Agency. Aggressive psychopaths were characterized by high Negative Emotionality, low Constraint, and low Communion. These results suggest that psychopaths as defined by the PCL-R includes distinct subtypes, distinguishable in terms of personality structure, that may reflect different etiologies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Is the Context Shift Effect a Case of Retrieval Failure? The Effects of Retrieval Enhancing Treatments on Forgetting Under Altered Stimulus Conditions in Rats.

This series of experiments sought to clarify the role of retrieval failure in forgetting that results from a change in context between training and testing (the context shift effect [CSE]). Because spontaneous forgetting (SF) is generally considered to reflect a retrieval failure, the effects of three manipulations known to alleviate SF were examined on forgetting due to an explicit shift in context at a short delay (24 hr). Pretest exposure to a reminder treatment involving the reinforcer from training (Experiment 1), pretest amphetamine administration (Experiment 2), and overtraining (Experiment 3) alleviated both SF and the CSE, supporting the view that the CSE reflects a retrieval deficit. Implications for the context change account of SF are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A Response-Discrimination Account of the Simon Effect.

Simon effects might partly reflect stimulus-triggered response activation. According to the response-discrimination hypothesis, however, stimulus-triggered response activation shows up in Simon effects only when stimulus locations match the top-down selected spatial codes used to discriminate between alternative responses. Five experiments support this hypothesis. In Experiment 1, spatial codes of each response differed by horizontal and vertical axis position, yet one axis discriminated between alternative responses, whereas the other did not. Simon effects resulted for targets on discriminating axes only. In Experiment 2, both spatial axes discriminated between responses, and targets on both axes produced Simon effects. In Experiment 3, Simon effects resulted for a spatial choice-reaction task but not for a go/no-go task. Even in the go/no-go task, a Simon effect was restored when a two-choice reaction task preceded the go/no-go task (Experiment 4) or when participants initiated trials with responses spatially discriminated from the go response (Experiment 5). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Preparation and Property of Acrylic Acid Rare Earth Complex and Its Hydrosilylation

Acrylic acid rare earth complex was prepared. Its chemical composition was determined by chemical and elemental analysis, and its structure as well as properties was characterized using IR, Fluorescence and UV spectrum, and its solubility was also investigated. Meanwhile a kind of elastic functional polymer with rare earth units in the side chains was produced. It is confirmed by IR spectrum that the Si-H bonds really react with acrylic acid rare earth.