Retrofitting of pedestrian overpass by Truss-Z modular systems using graph-theory approach

Installing pedestrian ramps is a common improvement towards a barrier-free environment. This paper introduces a graph-theoretical method of retrofitting of a single-branch Truss-Z (TZ) ramp in a constrained environment. The results produced by this exhaustive search method are usually ideal and better than those produced previously with meta-heuristic methods.A large case study of linking two sections of the Hongo Campus of Tokyo University using an overpass in an extremely constrained environment is presented. TZ modules with 1:12 (8.3%) slope are used, which is allowable in most countries for ramps for self-powered wheelchairs.The results presented here are highly satisfactory both in terms of structural optimization and aesthetics.Visualizations of the TZ ramp system, composed of 124 units, are presented.     

Dynamic shading of a building envelope based on rotating polarized film system controlled by one-dimensional cellular automata in regular tessellations (triangular,square and hexagonal)

The original prototype of the cellular automaton (CA) shading system (CASS) for building facades was based on rectangular array of cells and used liquid crystal technology. This paper introduces polarized film shading system (PFSS) – an alternative approach based on opto-mechanical modules whose opacity is a function of the rotation of polarized film elements. PFSS in regular tessellations: triangular, square and hexagonal are discussed. Simulations for each type of tessellation are presented and visualized. Visual attractiveness of emergent CA patterns manifested by “particles” and “solitons” is discussed.     

Ultrasonic force microscopy: detection and imaging of ultra-thin molecular domains

The analysis of the formation of ultra-thin organic films is a very important issue. In fact, it is known that the properties of organic light emitting diodes and field effect transistors are strongly affected by the early growth stages. For instance, in the case of sexithiophene, the presence of domains made of molecules with the backbone parallel to the substrate surface has been indirectly evidenced by photoluminescence spectroscopy and confocal microscopy. On the contrary, conventional scanning force microscopy both in contact and intermittent contact modes have failed to detect such domains. In this paper, we show that Ultrasonic Force Microscopy (UFM), sensitive to nanomechanical properties, allows one to directly identify the structure of sub-monolayer thick films. Sexithiophene flat domains have been imaged for the first time with nanometer scale spatial resolution. A comparison with lateral force and intermittent contact modes has been carried out in order to explain the origins of the UFM contrast and its advantages. In particular, it indicates that UFM is highly suitable for investigations where high sensitivity to material properties, low specimen damage and high spatial resolution are required.     

Linux系统下用SCILAB对化学实验数据进行分析和处理

为简单、快速地分析大量的化学实验数据,介绍了自由科学计算软件SCILAB及其在Linux系统下的安装,并用实例讨论了如何用SCILAB分析实验数据。结果表明,用SCILAB所提供的函数对实验数据进行分析处理将非常方便,大大减小误差,SCILAB提供的的图形显示函数绘制实验数据曲线,可以使实验结果更加直观。     

有机物料及其配施在潮土中的残留特点

试验采用尼龙布袋埋袋法研究了5种单一物料(玉米秸、稻秸、苜蓿、鸡粪、猪粪)和2种混合物料(玉米秸-猪粪-鸡粪、苜蓿-猪粪-鸡粪)在潮土中的腐解状况,以了解土壤中有机质的积累规律,探讨有机肥料对土壤的培肥效果。研究结果表明,玉米秸、稻秸、苜蓿、鸡粪、猪粪等是增加土壤有机质的较好物料;对C/N比较高的物料,当增加N素(添加猪粪、鸡粪这些氮含量较高的物料)、调节C/N比值时,可以促进混合物料有机碳的分解和向腐殖质的转化。     

以R142b为工质的有机朗肯循环低温发电系统研究

研究了以R142b为循环介质、采用螺杆式膨胀机的低温热能有机朗肯循环发电系统.在热源温度低于80℃的条件下,膨胀机最大能量转化效率为6％,系统总效率5.16％.在系统膨胀效率达97％的情况下,传输能耗导致机械效率仅有48％-65％,因此系统总效率较低,但最大(火用)效率为32％.提高蒸发压力、降低冷凝压力是提升能量转化效率的根本途径.实验研究表明,降低膨胀机入口蒸汽干度对膨胀效率略有促进,主要由于少量液体参与膨胀减少了膨胀环节的渗漏,提高了膨胀效率.实验表明该低温热能发电系统可行,但系统效率较低,有待进一步优化提高.     

Glassy phases in organic semiconductors

Organic semiconductors may be processed from fluids using graphical arts printing and patterning techniques to create complex circuitry. Because organic semiconductors are weak van der Waals solids, the creation of glassy phases during processing is quite common. Because structural disorder leads to electronic disorder, it is necessary to understand these phases to optimize and control the electronic properties of these materials. Here we review the significance of glassy phases in organic semiconductors. We examine challenges in the measurement of the glass transition temperature and the accurate classification of phases in these relatively rigid materials. Device implications of glassy phases are discussed. Processing schemes that are grounded in the principles of glass physics and sound glass transition temperature measurement will more quickly achieve desired structure and electronic characteristics, accelerating the exciting progress of organic semiconductor technology development.     

Separation-and-Recovery Technology for Organic Waste Liquid with a High Concentration of Inorganic Particles

The environmentally friendly and resourceful utilization of organic waste liquid is one of the frontiers of environmental engineering. With the increasing demand for chemicals, the problem of organic waste liquid with a high concentration of inorganic pollutants in the processing of petroleum, coal, and natural gas is becoming more serious. In this study, the high-speed self-rotation and flipping of particles in a three-dimensional cyclonic turbulent field was examined using a synchronous high-speed camera technique; the self-rotation speed was found to reach 2000–6000 rad·s⁻¹. Based on these findings, a cyclonic gas-stripping method for the removal of organic matter from the pores of particles was invented. A technological process was developed to recover organic matter from waste liquid by cyclonic gas stripping and classifying inorganic particles by means of airflow acceleration classification. A demonstration device was built in Sinopec’s first ebullated-bed hydro-treatment unit for residual oil. Compared with the T-STAR fixed-bed gas-stripping technology designed in the United States, the maximum liquid-removal efficiency of the catalyst particles in this new process is 44.9% greater at the same temperature, and the time required to realize 95% liquid-removal efficiency is decreased from 1956.5 to 8.4 s. In addition, we achieved the classification and reuse of the catalyst particles contained in waste liquid according to their activity. A proposal to use this new technology was put forward regarding the control of organic waste liquid and the classification recovery of inorganic particles in an ebullated-bed hydro-treatment process for residual oil with a processing capacity of 2 × 10⁶ t·a⁻¹. It is estimated that the use of this new technology will lead to the recovery of 3100 t·a⁻¹ of diesel fuel and 647 t·a⁻¹ of high-activity catalyst; in addition, it will reduce the consumption of fresh catalyst by 518 t·a⁻¹. The direct economic benefits of this process will be as high as 37.28 million CNY per year.     

A distributed Bragg reflector porous silicon layer for optical interferometric sensing of organic vapor

In this study, we successfully demonstrated the rapid, sensitive, and reversible sensing of organic vapor using a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) porous silicon (PS) layer. We fabricated the DBR PS layer on a p⁺-type silicon substrate and investigated its reflectance spectra before, during, and after exposure to the different concentrations of various organic vapors. When the DBR PS layer sample was exposed to methanol, acetone, ethanol, and isopropanol vapors, the maximum reflectance peak promptly shifted toward longer wavelengths by about 4.5, 23.2, 26.0, and 38.2 nm, respectively. We determined that the red-shift in the reflectance spectrum could be attributed to the changes in the refractive index induced by the capillary condensation of the organic vapor within the pores of the DBR PS layer. The DBR PS layer showed excellent sensing ability under the different concentrations and types of organic vapors. In addition, a slight hysteresis of the red-shift was observed during repeated exposure to organic vapors at different concentrations. After removing the organic vapors, the reflectance spectrum promptly returned to its original state.     

An Optimizing Compiler for Parallel Chemistry Simulations

Well designed domain specific languages have three important benefits: (1) the easy expression of problems, (2) the application of domain specific optimizations (including parallelization), and (3) dramatic improvements in productivity for their users. In this paper we describe a compiler and parallel runtime system for modeling the complex kinetics of rubber vulcanization and olefin polymerization that achieves all of these goals. The compiler allows the development of a system of ordinary differential equations describing a complex vulcanization reaction or single-site olefin polymerization reaction—a task that used to require months—to be done in hours. A specialized common sub-expression elimination and other algebraic optimizations sufficiently simplify the complex machine generated code to allow it to be compiled—eliminating all but 8.0% of the operations in our largest program and enabling over 60 times faster execution on our largest benchmark codes. The parallel runtime and dynamic load balancing scheme enables fast simulations of the model.