X‐ray diffraction (XRD)‐studies on the temperature dependent interface reactions on hafnium,zirconium, and nickel coated monocrystalline diamonds used in grinding segments for stone and concrete machining

Diamond impregnated metal matrix composites are the state of the art solution for the machining of mineral materials. The type of interface reactions between the metal matrix and diamond surface has an essential influence on the tool performance and durability. To improve the diamond retention, the diamonds can be coated by physical vapour deposition with metallic materials, which enforce interface reactions. Hence, this paper focuses on the investigation of the interfacial area on metal‐coated monocrystalline diamonds. Hafnium and zirconium, both known as carbide forming elements, are used as coating materials. The third coating, which is used to determine its catalytic influences when applied as a physical vapour deposition (PVD)‐layer, is nickel. Additionally, the coated diamond samples were heat‐treated to investigate the starting point of the formation of new phases. X‐ray diffraction‐analyses revealed the assumed carbide formation on hafnium and zirconium coated samples. The formation temperature was identified between 800 °C and 1000 °C for hafnium and zirconium coatings.     

多元分析法在沉淀滴定中的应用

将多元分析法应用于沉淀滴定之中 ,提出固定电位的方法 ,建立了沉淀滴定中各组分浓度与体积之间关系的数学模型 ,对卤素和硫氰酸盐混合体系进行了测定。     

Enhancing displacement of lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) thin-film membrane microactuators via a dual electrode design

A common design of piezoelectric microactuators adopts a membrane structure that consists of a base silicon diaphragm, a layer of bottom electrode, a layer of piezoelectric thin film, and a layer of top electrode. In particular, the piezoelectric thin film is often made of lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) for its high piezoelectric constants. When driven electrically, the PZT thin film extends or contracts flexing the membrane and generating an out-of-plane displacement. Many manufacturing defects, however, could significantly reduce the designed actuator displacement. Examples include residual stresses, warping, non-uniform etching of the silicon diaphragm, and misalignment between the top electrode and the silicon diaphragm. The purpose of this paper is to develop a dual top-electrode design to enhance the actuator displacement. In this design, the top electrode consists of two disconnected (thus independent) electrode areas, while a continuous bottom electrode serves as the ground. The two top electrodes are located in two regions with opposite curvature when the diaphragm deflects. When the two top electrodes are driven in an out-of-phase manner, the actuator displacement is enhanced. Finite element analyses and experimental measurements both confirm the feasibility of this design. When manufacturing defects are present, experimental results indicate that the actuator displacement can be optimized by adjusting the phase difference between the dual top electrodes.     

带有异或运算安全协议的自动化检测

针对当前模型检测工具普遍不能检测带有异或运算安全协议的问题,提出了一个新的模型检测器SAT#.该模型检测器通过引入抽象异或项的概念及其运算规则,大大降低了攻击者生成的异或消息数量,解决了由于引入传统异或运算导致的状态空间爆炸问题.在此基础上,通过在SAT模型中增加基于抽象异或项的重写规则,扩展了攻击者的异或运算能力,实现了对带有异或运算安全协议的自动化检测.通过对BULL协议的检测,证明了抽象异或项的实用性,同时也证明了SAT#模型检测器的可靠性.     

Biases in quantitative judgements

This article illustrates the biases that can occur in making quantitative judgements. The mechanisms that produce the biases are described. Ways are suggested to avoid some of the biase, but it is not possible to avoid them all.     

Synthesis and characterization of ET(P)S-4 and ET(P)S-10

Phosphorus containing ET(P)S-4 and ET(P)S-10 were synthesized from gels of composition xNa₂O–0.6KF–0.2TiO₂–(1.28 − 4y)xHCl–yP₂O₅–1.49SiO₂–39.5H₂O at 190 °C for 3 days. The XRD patterns are almost identical to the corresponding ETS samples. The presence of phosphorus in the initial gel influences the kinetic parameters of the crystallization process, the morphology and the size of the crystals. The ³¹P-NMR of the samples show that part of the phosphorus is attached at the siliceous surface as dihydrogenophosphate SiOPO(OH)₂ groups and cannot be introduced in a tetrahedral or octahedral framework position.     

飞云江流域"泰利"台风暴雨洪水分析及珊溪水库调度

对飞云江流域珊溪水库坝址以上"泰利"台风暴雨洪水及水库洪水调度和防洪效益进行了分析.     

GSM短信电压监测仪的应用分析

通过对新型GSM短信电压监测仪在北京电力公司的应用及运行情况的分析，可以证明该类型的电压监测仪的应用提高了电压监测数据的准确性、真实性和完整性，有效地减少了管理人员统计和录入数据的时间，加大了分析，便于对合格率较差的监测点制定相应的整改措施，有效地提高了供电电压合格率的管理水平。     

A Study on the Buckling Behaviour of Strips and Plates with Residual Stresses

During and after rolling or flattening of metal strips and plates the permissible deviations from flatness are described by the permissible absolute wave height and the flatness index. Both values can be determined on a measuring table while the material is not subjected to global tension. Because this procedure is expensive, time‐consuming and allows measurement only at discrete positions along the strip length, on‐line flatness measuring systems are used which can detect the distribution of longitudinal tensile stresses distributed across the strip width allowing for the calculation of the flatness index. This value does not always agree with the value obtained directly by measuring on the table even when the measurement of the longitudinal tensile stress distribution operates perfectly. It can be shown that the measurement of the tensile stress distribution does not give a direct indication on the wave height in the tension‐free state determined on the measuring table. To explain the relationship between tensile stress distribution in the strip and the flatness measurement on the measuring table, the buckling behavior is analysed both with and without dead load for simple symmetrical residual stress distributions resulting, e.g., from the rolling process. Based on the knowledge of the distribution of the longitudinal residual stresses across the strip width, the flatness index and the wave height can be determined by using a specialized finite element model. If the direct measurement is performed under action of dead load, large differences between the directly and indirectly obtained flatness index are observed. Below a certain limit of the intensity of the residual stress distribution the strips and plates lie flat on the measuring table. Above this limit the strip lying on the table exhibits post‐bucking deformations. In the latter case, the wave height increases with strip thickness and intensity of residual stresses.     

动态网页制作技术ASP、PHP和JSP比较分析

动态网页具有良好的交互性、数据库查询、缩短查询时间、提高浏览效率等一些静态网页所无法比拟的优点.论文阐述了目前最常用的三种动态网页制作技术ASP、PHP和JSP,对其性能、应用范围和发展前景方面分别作了比较探讨.从各个方面相比较而言,JSP是最具优势的.