Non-starch polysaccharides of canola meal: Quantification,digestibility in poultry and potential benefit of dietary enzyme supplementation

The non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) content as determined by gas chromatography (component neutral sugars) and colorimetry (uronic acids) was shown to be 16–22% in ten different samples of defatted canola (low glucosinolate rapeseed) seed. The non-cellulosic components of NSP accounted for 13–16% of the meal and on average consisted of arabinose (33%), xylose (13%), galactose (13%), glucose (5%), mannose (3%), rhamnose (2%), fucose (2%) and uronic acids (30%). Yellow-seeded and brown-seeded samples of canola contained similar contents of total dietary fibre although the composition of the fibre components tended to differ with the former showing a low content of lignin and associated polyphenols and a high content of NSP as compared with the latter type. NDF values tended to be lower for yellow-seeded than for brown-seeded canola due to the relatively high content of NSP in neutral detergent solubles of yellow-seeded canola. An initial balance study with laying hens showed low (<3%) digestibility of the polysaccharide components, and further studies were conducted with a commercial enzyme preparation (SP249, Novo Laboratories Ltd, Lachine, Quebec) to enhance the in-vivo hydrolysis of the NSP fraction of the meal. Laying hens were fed a semipurified diet containing 40% commercial canola meal with and without enzyme (1%). NSP digestibility was increased to 37% by the enzyme supplementation.     

生物酶降解聚合物钻井液

实验所用聚合物钻井液配方(质量分数,下同)为:OCMA黏土5%,两性离子聚合物增稠剂0.3%,两性离子聚合物降黏剂0.3%,低黏羧甲基纤维素钠0.8%,自来水93.6%。选用酰胺特异酶、纤维素酶和碱性蛋白酶对聚合物钻井液进行降解反应。结果表明,前2种酶对聚合物钻井液具有较好的降解作用,而后者对钻井液的降黏效果较差;3种酶在降解的同时不会引起钻井液滤失量的大幅增加;酰胺特异酶对聚合物钻井液的降解效果最好,其最佳实验条件为:温度50℃,pH值5~7,用量0.3%。     

微波热击处理对大豆种子萌发及活力的影响

以大豆（Glycine max）为实验材料,利用统计分析的方法研究了微波热击对种子萌发特性及活力的影响。结果表明：热击处理可提高大豆种子的发芽率,复合微波处理显著促进了芽长和芽活力指数,抑制了电解质渗漏,提高可溶性糖含量和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,萌芽蛋白质含量及氨基酸总量均升高,其中以45℃热击5min及50℃热击2min加微波处理后的大豆芽长、芽活力指数与对照比达极显著水平,蛋白质和氨基酸总量的影响也分别达到显著和极显著水平。同一处理随时间延长,生理效应呈下降趋势。因此,适宜剂量的微波热击复合效应可以促进大豆种子萌发和早期代谢。     

酶制剂在淀粉加工中的应用

本文简要介绍了酶法加工淀粉中糊化、液化与糖化的过程,然后综述了酶制剂在淀粉制糖（包括结晶葡萄糖、淀粉糖浆、麦芽糖浆、果葡糖浆）与乙醇生产中的状况。通过与酸法的比较,指出了酶法的优越性。最后展望了该技术未来的发展趋势。     

CO_2激光照射对表皮LC的影响

郎格罕氏细胞(Lange Hans cell.LC)是从骨髓中的前体细胞衍化而来的树突状细胞,主要位于表皮基层上方.有摄取抗原、处理抗原和传递抗原的功能,起着免疫系统外围前哨的作用.LC的功能可受各种理化因子的影响,是否也会受到激光照射的影响?鲜见文献报道.本文探讨低功率CO2激光照射后,表皮LC的数目形态和分布的情况.     

Synergy of Pickering Emulsion and Sol‐Gel Process for the Construction of an Efficient,Recyclable Enzyme Cascade System

An efficient, easily recyclable enzyme cascade system based on nanoparticle‐stabilized capsules (NPSCs) is constructed through a synergy of a Pickering emulsion and sol‐gel process. Specifically, oligodopa‐coated titania nanoparticles (biomimetic titania) containing the first enzyme (FateDH) are synthesized through a bioadhesion‐assisted biomimetic mineralization approach. The biomimetic titania is then spontaneously assembled at the interface between the oil phase (hexadecane/butyl titanate (BuTi) mixture) and water phase during the formation of Pickering emulsions. The sol‐gel process of BuTi can produce not only butanol for assisting the formation of Pickering emulsions but also titania gel particles (sol‐gel titania) for cross‐linking the biomimetic titania through catechol‐titanium chelating. The NPSCs obtained, which contain the first enzyme, conjugate the second enzyme (FaldDH) onto the surface for constructing the enzyme cascade system. The system exhibits high activity and stability, particularly, superior recyclability for conversion of CO₂ into formaldehyde. In detail, the system shows a formaldehyde yield of 50.0%, and can quickly float onto the air/water interface soon after stopping the agitation of reaction mixtures, which ensures that the formaldehyde yield keeps almost unaltered after 10 times recycling. This study will be useful for facile construction of a wealth of catalytic systems with efficient, recyclable attributes.     

Donor/Acceptor‐Modified Electrodes for Photoelectrochemical and Photobioelectrochemical Applications

A 7‐pyrrolidino‐7‐benzylamino‐8,8‐dicyanoquinodimethane, PBEDQ, ( 1 ), donor–acceptor–modified electrode yields, in the presence of hydroquinone, ( 2 ), an anodic photocurrent with quantum efficiency of 1.5%. The PBEDQ‐functionalized electrode yields, in the presence of the electron acceptor diquat, ( 3 ), a cathodic photocurrent with a quantum efficiency corresponding to 2.1%. The electron transfer cascades leading to the anodic or cathodic photocurrents in the different systems are discussed. It is further demonstrated that the integration of 1,4‐dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, as electron donor, with the PBEDQ‐modified electrode leads to an anodic photocurrent. This allowed the assembly of a photobioelectrochemical integrated electrode composed of the photoactive PBEDQ donor–acceptor compound, NAD⁺ as cofactor, and the NAD⁺‐dependent glucose dehydrogenase, GDH. Irradiation of the integrated electrode in the presence of glucose results in the GDH–biocatalyzed oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid with the concomitant generation of NADH that acts as electron donor for the photoactive donor–acceptor PBEDQ units, leading to the generation of steady‐state anodic photocurrent. The photocurrent intensities are controlled by the concentrations of glucose. The integrated PBEDQ/NAD⁺/GDH electrodes introduces a functional photobioelectrochemical electrode for the detection of glucose, and demonstrates the assembly of a functional photo‐biofuel cell that uses light and a biomass product (glucose) for the generation of electric power.     

啤酒酿造用复合酶的研制

从一系列枯草芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｓｕｂｔｉｌｉｓ）和淀粉液化芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓａｍｙｌｏｌｉｑｕｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ）出发，经筛选和诱变选育，得到一株淀粉液化芽孢杆菌突变株（ＷＬ－ＢＡ－ｌ），该菌株经三角瓶摇瓶和２０Ｌ发酵后，在３０００Ｌ标准通风罐上进行试验，菌株发酵周期短，发酵液中β－葡聚糖酶约为１２０ｕ／ｍｌ，α－淀粉酶约１５０ｕ／ｍｌ，蛋白酶约１８００ｕ／ｍｌ．发酵液经压滤浓缩后制得液体酶制剂。     

A SIMPLE METHOD FOR TESTING BEER FILTERABILITY

Based on a filtration manifold from ‘Millipore’ a method was developed which permits the simultaneous investigation of the filterability of up to ten beer samples. Characteristics of the simple apparatus are the use of sheet filters, a vacuum filtration at room temperature and very small sample volumes. An excellent correlation to the differential pressure at the industrial filter was found, demonstrating the reliability of the test for routine applications. The usefulness of the method for research applications was demonstrated in experiments with enzymes improving beer filtration.