Morphological and kinetics study of PEO/PVC blends

The kinetics of spherulite radial growth and the morphology of the compatible system PEO/PVC have been studied by optical microscopy. The usual spherulite radial growth behaviour has been found for compatible blends with PEO content higher than 70%. For lower composition, distortion of the usual spherulite morphology has been observed; the anomalies have been attributed to partial miscibility of the components.     

SBR工艺污泥膨胀的纠正方法

在对国内外有关资料的研究基础上，介绍了几种应对SBR反应池内污泥膨胀的措施。着重叙述了氯化法和无机合成絮凝剂法的应用注意点及如何定量运用这两种方法，同时给出了相应的工程实例。     

含油污泥焦化处理实验研究

采用焦化方法对含油污泥进行处理。经过筛选选取活性白土作为焦化处理催化剂,分别研究了反应时间、反应温度、氮气吹扫量、加热速率等因素对处理效果的影响。4个影响因素对液相油品收率的影响顺序为:氮气吹扫量>反应温度>反应时间>加热速率;对反应转化率的影响顺序为:反应温度>反应时间>氮气吹扫量>加热速率。较为理想的反应参数:反应温度490℃;反应时间60min;氮气吹扫量90mL.min-1;加热速率4℃.min-1。在此反应条件下,含油污泥液相油品收率>80%,反应转化率>99.9%,经焦化处理后的废渣含油率<3‰,达到农用污泥排放标准,实现了达标排放和回收资源的目的。     

活性污泥生物相对污水处理运行的指导作用

污水处理系统处理效果的好坏都与污水处理系统中组成活性污泥的微生物种类、数量及其代谢活力有关,本文从活性污泥结构、微生物种类、数量及活性等方面分析了污泥生物相与运行状态的相互关系.说明了可通过对污水处理系统的生物相观察了解处理效果及运行状况,也可通过对污泥生物相观察发现处理系统环境的变化,及时调整运行环境,预防污水处理系统的运行中的异常情况发生.     

Characterization of resol resins modified by the addition of PVC plastisols

Plastisols, which are a blend of poly(vinyl chloride) resin and a plasticizer (DEHP), were used as a toughening agent of a resol resin in order to improve the mechanical properties. It was not possible to formulate resol blends by adding more than 10 % of plastisol owing to a lack of apparent homogeneity in the systems, which also showed many air bubbles. The relationship between dynamic mechanical, mechanical and thermal properties and the amount of plastisol added was studied. It was determined from the infrared spectroscopy and dynamic mechanical results that the resol–plastisol blends seem to be formed by a reaction between the phenol and PVC giving a higher crosslinked structure. An improvement in the thermal resistance of the blends at lower temperatures was observed with an increase in the percentage of plastisol. Flexural analysis showed the elastic behaviour of the systems. However, it was not possible to observe the effect of the plasticizer (DEHP) owing to the low quantity of plastisol that was added to the resol. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Zeolite synthesis from paper sludge ash with addition of diatomite

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the synthesis of zeolites from paper sludge ash (PSA) with added diatomite to remove both NH₄⁺ and PO₄^3? for water purification. The PSA had low Si and significant Ca contents. Four types of diatomite: white (T‐W) and brown (T‐B) from deposits of marine origin in Takanosu, and white (S‐W) and gray (S‐G) from lacustrine deposits in Shonai, were added to NaOH solution to increase the Si content and thereby synthesize zeolites with high cation exchange capacity (CEC). RESULTS: The order of the amounts of Si extracted from the diatomite to the alkali solution was S‐W > T‐W = T‐B > S‐G, which correlates with the amorphous SiO₂ content of diatomite. The original ash without addition of diatomite yielded hydroxysodalite with CEC of about 1.0 mmol g^?1. For all samples, the addition of diatomite to the solution yielded zeolite‐P with a higher CEC, but the addition of excess Si inhibited the synthesis of zeolite‐P, and the CEC of the product was low. A product with high CEC including zeolite‐P was obtained in a solution with around 500 mmol L^?1 of Si concentration, and had the ability to remove both NH₄⁺ and PO₄^3?. CONCLUSION: Diatomite has the potential for used as an additive for the synthesis of high CEC zeolite from PSA. The product with zeolite‐P exhibited relatively high CEC, capacity for NH₄⁺ uptake, and the ability to remove PO₄^3? by precipitation, which is preferable for water purification applications. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of olive residue benzylation on the thermal and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride)/olive residue composites

The changes in mechanical properties, the thermal stability, and the water absorption capacity of poly (vinyl chloride)/olive residue flour composites were studied as a function of various residue olive flour ratios, i.e., 0, 5, 15, and 25% by weight taking into account the effect of benzylation chemical treatment of the filler. The study showed that composite samples prepared with the untreated filler exhibited higher tensile modulus and hardness compared with the neat resin, whereas elongation and tensile strength were observed to decline. On the other hand, the PVC hardness was found to increase with addition of the untreated olive residue flour (ORF), however the composite samples prepared with the benzylated flour exhibited lower hardness than those prepared with untreated olive residue. Moreover, the amount of absorbed water depends on the amount of filler in the composite. The comparison of the results obtained from the samples of F5, F20, and F30 formulations between the untreated and treated ORF indicated a reduction in absorbed water for the composite samples containing treated ORF with benzyl chloride. As a result, the mechanical properties of the treated composites were improved. Furthermore, the thermal characterization of the different samples carried out by color change test and thermogravimetric analysis revealed an increase in the onset temperatures of decomposition for the treated composites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

GC–MS characterization of oligomers in polyadipates used as plasticizers for PVC in food contact

Fourteen commercial polyadipates and a polysebacate were analysed for their components of a molecular mass below 1000 Da, primarily with the aim of generating the background data for measuring the migration of this type of polymeric additives from plasticized PVC (e.g. cling films and gaskets of lids) into foods or food simulants. Since the composition of the material <1000 Da varies between the polyadipates, the main components must be identified to enable a correct quantification. Polyadipates differ in the diol used as linker, their termination (acid or alcohol) and in the end‐capping (free alcohols, acetylation, acylation with fatty acids, esterification with octanol/decanol). Gas chromatography (GC) provides good separation, but the material remaining in the column up to high temperatures decomposes and forms a hump in the rear part of the chromatogram. Examples of mass spectra are shown, the most indicative fragments pointed out and spectra of 159 components listed. The polyadipates and the sebacate are characterized by their structure, the main components <1000 Da and the fraction of material <1000 Da. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal Control of Solar Sludge Dryers

Optimal control (OC) methodology is used to develop a control policy for a batch-operated solar sludge dryer with ventilation as the dominant control. Batch performance criteria and instantaneous optimization criteria are developed for two economic environments: quota limited and capital limited. The general formulation, as well as simplifications resulting from the multiplicative form of the evaporation (drying) rate model, are presented. The multiplicative form results in a single constant number, called here “control intensity,” which is used to guide the on-line control decisions. These decisions turn out to be independent of the dry solids content (DSC) of the sludge. Further simplification, by assuming a strictly constant weather, is used to demonstrate the general effects of the economic and physical (weather) environment on the solution.

The OC approach is used to address, via simulation under realistic weather conditions, several design, operation, and pricing problems. In particular, the following have been considered: sizing of the ventilation fans, determination of a fair fee for sludge disposal, finding the best final DSC, and evaluating the effect of the price of electricity. Regarding the particular location represented by the data, it has been shown that the installed capacity of the ventilation fans should be increased and that there seems to be sufficient economic incentive for solar drying.     

世界PVC产业在调整中发展

本文简要介绍了近几年美欧日等主要工业发达国家聚氯乙烯(PVC)生产商的重组、兼并以及强强联合的情况,世界PVC10大生产商的排名,以及西欧、日本PVC生产商和产量,同时预测了世界各地区PVC的增长情况。