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251.
Paul W. Angel Chandra S. Ray Delbert E. Day 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1990,73(10):2965-2969
The glass-formation region of the calcia-gallia-silica system was determined. The glasses within this region were measured to have a density of 3 to 4 g/cm3 , a refractive index of 1.6 to 1.73, an Abbe number between 35 and 58, a thermal expansion coefficient of 6.5 × 10−7 /°C to 11.5 × 10−7 /°C, softening temperatures between 730° and 790°C, and a Vickers microhardness of 5.2 to 7.3 GPa. Crystalline phases were identified along the glass-formation boundary. Infrared transmission spectra were used to explain glass structures and their effect on glass properties. The results suggest that the role of calcia in the glass structure is similar to that for calcia in calcium aluminosilicate glasses. 相似文献
252.
253.
PET高速纺丝方法及超高速纺丝纤维成形机理 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
综述了 PET高速纺丝热辊法生产工艺 (MG)、冷辊拉伸蒸汽定型法生产工艺 (H 4S)、热管法生产工艺 (TCS)、热管拉伸法生产工艺 (HCS)以及超高速纺丝工艺 (SHSS) ;阐明了超高速纺在纺程上结构的发展与成形机理 ,以及超高速纺纺程上的细颈现象 ,超高速纺的成形机理与高速纺是不同的 ,明显区别在于细颈点的出现 相似文献
254.
采用红外光谱、气相色谱 ,X-射线能谱、原子吸收光谱、紫外分光光度法及化学法分析了肥皂霜中脂肪酸盐、硅、磷、碳酸盐等成分。其结果如下 :RCOONa:94.82 %;Si O2 :2 .43%;PO3-4:0 .40 %;Na2 CO3:1 .0 8%、水份及挥发物余量。依据测试结果 ,对肥皂冒霜的原因进行了探讨 相似文献
255.
This paper presents a gravity optimised particle filter (GOPF) where the magnitude of the gravitational force for every particle is proportional to its weight. GOPF attracts nearby particles and replicates new particles as if moving the particles towards the peak of the likelihood distribution, improving the sampling efficiency. GOPF is incorporated into a technique for hand features tracking. A fast approach to hand features detection and labelling using convexity defects is also presented. Experimental results show that GOPF outperforms the standard particle filter and its variants, as well as state-of-the-art CamShift guided particle filter using a significantly reduced number of particles. 相似文献
256.
Zhong-Ni Wang Gan-Zuo Li Jian-Hai Mu Wen-Xia Zhang 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2002,5(4):391-396
The interaction and synergism of some polyoxyethylenated fatty alcohol ether (POE) nonionic surfactants (C12E2, C12E3, C10E5, C10E7, where Cx indicates number of carbon atoms in the chain and Ey indicates number of oxyethylene glycol ethers) with trioxyethylenated dodecyl sulfonate (C12E3S) in mixed monolayer formation at the surface and in mixed micelle formation in aqueous solutions were studied at 25 and
40°C by calculating interaction parameters (βα, βM) from surface tension-concentration data by use of Rosen's equations based on the nonideal solution theory. All the systems
investigated adapt reasonably well to the nonideal model, with negative values of βσ and βM (where M means micelle and σ refers to the air-liquid interface) indicating a favorable interaction between the mixed surfactants.
Either at a monolayer or in a mixed micelle, the attractive interaction becomes stronger when the alkyl chain in the POE surfactant
is longer, i.e., when the POE becomes more hydrophobic. The interaction increases in the order C10E7<C10E5<C12E3, C12E2. For the two C10E
n
(n= 5,7)/C12E3S systems, as temperature increases from 25 to 40°C, the interaction increases in a mixed micelle, but it decreases in a mixed
monolayer. Synergism in mixed micelle formation exists for C12E3S/C10E
n
mixtures when X1
M
, the mole fraction of POE in a mixed micelle, is ≈0.4–0.8, whereas synergism does not occur in the systems of C12E3S/C12E
m
due to the large difference between CMC1 and CMC2, i.e., large |In(C
1
M
/C
2
M
)| value (where CMC=critical micelle concentration). The degree of synergism in mixed micelle formation is temperature independent
and is 0.23, 0.18, and close to zero for C10E5/C12E3S, C10E7/C12E3S, and C12E
m
(m=2,3)/C12E3S systems, respectively. Synergism in surface tension reduction effectiveness occurs in C12E3S/C12E2 and C12E3S/C12E3 systems. The mole fractions of POE in the solution phase are 0.302 and 0.333 for the two mixtures at the point of maximum
synergism. 相似文献
257.
E. A. Levashov A. S. Rogachev V. V. Kurbatkina Yu. K. Epishko N. A. Kochetov 《International Journal of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis》2007,16(4):218-224
Biocompatible composites (Ti, Ta)C
x
+ Ca3(PO4)2 for deposition of nanofilms onto load-bearing implants by ion-plasma sputtering were prepared from Ti + Ta + C + Ca3(PO4)2 mixtures by forced SHS compaction. The effect of Ta + C addition to green mixtures (characterized by parameter z) on the structure/phase formation in combustion products was explored. The addition of tantalum and carbon was found to have
little or no influence on the burning velocity U and combustion temperature T
c. Two thermal spikes exhibited by thermograms were associated with the occurrence of two consecutive reactions leading to
formation of titanium and tantalum carbides. With increasing z, the grain size of (Ti, Ta)C was found to diminish, its relative density to decrease, while the hardness to markedly grow.
相似文献
258.
Sarah Forrest John Bridgwater Paul R. Mort James Litster David J. Parker 《Powder Technology》2003,130(1-3):91-96
Particle flow patterns were investigated for wet granulation and dry powder mixing in ploughshare mixers using Positron Emission Particle Tracking (PEPT). In a 4-l mixer, calcium carbonate with mean size 45 μm was granulated using a 50 wt.% solution of glycerol and water as binding fluid, and particle movement was followed using a 600-μm calcium hydroxy-phosphate tracer particle. In a 20-l mixer, dry powder flow was studied using a 600-μm resin bead tracer particle to simulate the bulk polypropylene powder with mean size 600 μm. Important differences were seen between particle flow patterns for wet and dry systems. Particle speed relative to blade speed was lower in the wet system than in the dry system, with the ratios of average particle speed to blade tip speed for all experiments in the range 0.01–0.25. In the axial plane, the same particle motion was observed around each blade; this provides a significant advance for modelling flow in ploughshare mixers. For the future, a detailed understanding of the local velocity, acceleration and density variations around a plough blade will reveal the effects of flow patterns in granulating systems on the resultant distribution of granular product attributes such as size, density and strength. 相似文献
259.
Philip K Gbor 《Chemical engineering science》2004,59(10):1979-1987
The shrinking core model (SCM) is widely used to model fluid-solid reactions such as the leaching of metals from minerals. In most cases, however, the particle size distribution (PSD) of the solid material was disregarded. In this paper the erroneous shift in the control regime when neglecting PSD was quantified and the dependence of the shift on the coefficients of variation (CV) and the type of PSD was analysed. By coupling the SCM with a Gamma PSD, it was found that neglecting the PSD would shift the control regime from chemical reaction to inert/ash layer diffusion, when the CV was between 0.7 and 1.2. For a system controlled by liquid film diffusion, neglect of the PSD, would shift the control regime to chemical reaction when CV is between 0.3 and 0.7 or to inert/ash layer diffusion when CV is greater (0.9-1.5). It was therefore postulated that some researchers had unknowingly made invalid conclusions about the control regime due to the neglect of PSD. However, an inert/ash layer diffusion-controlled process was insensitive to the neglect of PSD. When CV<0.3, neglect of the PSD would not cause any erroneous shifts, irrespective of the control regime. Experimental data confirmed the observation. For a given CV, the deviation in the fraction reacted from the mono-PSD increases with CV and decreases with time. The maximum deviation, which occurs at the beginning, is about 10% with a gamma PSD of CV=0.3. The percent deviation is dependent of the type of PSDs. Gamma PSD gives the lowest deviation while Gaudin-Schuhmann results in the largest deviation (maxi. ∼19%, with CV=0.3) in the first half of dissolution process. Log-normal distribution gives a larger deviation than gamma but quickly approaches the latter with time. The deviation for Rosin-Rammler is between log-normal and Gaudin-Schuhmann. For systems with CV less than 0.3, the SCM can be fairly used without considering PSD. When CV is greater than 0.3, particularly in the early stage of a dissolution process with a PSD other than gamma, PSD should be included to avoid substantial errors. 相似文献
260.
Daniel Ström Staffan Folestad Thomas Laurell Anders Rasmuson 《Chemical engineering science》2005,60(16):4647-4653
A new device for coating a single levitated particle in a controllable environment is designed and tested. This enables fluidized bed processing to be simulated experimentally on a single-particle level. The device consists of a coating chamber, which contains a capillary tube for levitating the particle, a micro-dispenser for producing discrete drops of controlled size and velocity and a device for supplying gas with specified temperature and humidity. The coating chamber consists of two parts, a confined space where the particle is levitated and a droplet insertion cone where the coating solution is injected into the particle suspending gas flow. A capillary with a well-defined diameter connects the droplet insertion cone and the area where the particle is levitated. The device is equipped with a piezo-actuated flow-through micro-dispenser that has the ability to produce discrete droplets with high reproducibility in terms of droplet size and velocity. The gas required for the coating process is taken from a gas container where the water content is analysed and kept at a minimum. A liquid flow is then introduced into the gas flow at a well-defined flow rate, mixed and evaporated in a three-way mixing vault. The humidified gas flow is then split into two separate flows; a suspending gas flow and a protecting gas flow for the inside of the coating chamber. The device is equipped with a high-speed video camera for monitoring both droplet production and droplet impact. Temperatures and flow rates throughout the device are measured and logged. Preliminary results show the influence of solvent, gas quality and coating procedure on the quality of the coating. 相似文献