微波处理对樟子松木材液体浸注性能影响

微波处理是开启木材细胞液体流动通道、改善木材浸注性能的重要手段。采用微波对樟子松木材进 行处理,并对微波处理工艺进行研究。用体视显微镜及扫描电镜观察宏观裂纹及微观破坏产生的位置,分析裂纹及 微观破坏产生的原因,揭示微波处理改善材料液体浸注性能的作用机理。结果显示:微波处理时间90 s,含水率 20% ~40%是提高樟子松木材液体浸注性能的较优处理条件。体视显微镜及扫描电镜观察发现,微波处理木材宏观 裂纹产生的位置主要集中在射线薄壁细胞与轴向管胞的胞间层、轴向管胞复合胞间层及树脂道区域;而显微结构破 坏主要存在于射线薄壁细胞与轴向管胞胞间层、轴向管胞上纹孔部位及交叉场纹孔区域。宏观裂纹可增加液体在 木材中的流通通道,缩短液体横向渗透路径,提高横向渗透效率。细胞显微结构的破坏,会使液体在细胞间的流通 更为通畅,从而改善樟子松木材的液体浸注性能。     

EFFECTS OF SAWING PATTERN ON LUMBER DRYING: MODEL SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

ABSTRACT

The sawing pattern of lumber affects the drying rate due to transverse permeability differences. These permeability differences are considered in a single board drying model which is able to investigate the drying rates for boards with varying growth ring angles. For the drying of Pinus radiata lumber, the model predicts that the quartersawn boards need longer drying time than the flatsawn boards. The drying time difference was 10–15% of the total drying time for conventional temperature (CT) drying and accelerated conventional temperature (ACT) drying, but was less significant for high temperature (HT) drying. In the simulation of a kiln stack drying, a sawing pattern factor was introduced to the relative drying rate function, which reflected the effects of the growth ring angle and the drying temperatures. The modified kiln wide drying model was used to predict the drying rates for a kiln stack consisting of entirely flatsawn boards and a kiln stack consisting of entirely quartersawn boards. Drying tests were conducted using stacks of mixed flatsawn and quartersawn Pinus radiata sapwood boards. In the tests, three drying schedules were used which included CT, ACT and HT drying. The experimental results agree closely with the model predictions and thus, after further validation, the drying models can be used to predict commercial kiln drying of boards with different sawing patterns.     

三种磺化化学机械浆纤维分析

通过对不同原料的磺化化学机械浆(SCMP)纤维特性变化的研究,发现慈竹SCMP纤维平均长度与马尾松SCMP相当,接近于尾叶桉SCMP的两倍,而细小纤维含量是马尾松SCMP的两倍。磨浆过程会使纤维平均长、宽度有不同程度的下降,细小纤维含量升高。对慈竹磺化过程中的用碱量变化对纤维特性影响的研究表明,用碱量增加到4%时,纤维平均长度有所增加,细小纤维含量升高,纤维平均宽度则出现下降。碱用量大于4%后,变化趋势不明显。     

Defoliation-induced responses in peroxidases,phenolics, and polyamines in scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles

Effects of artificial defoliation on defensive needle chemistry in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were evaluated with particular emphasis on peroxidases, phenolic compounds, soluble sugars, polyamines, and foliar nitrogen levels. The study was carried out on a nutrient-poor Scots pine stand with 8- to 25-year-old trees. Defoliation treatment consisted of repeated defoliation in two successive years with respective control trees. Defoliation was done before needle flushing by removing all mature needles. Guaiacol peroxidase activity increased in the needles after the first defoliation. The difference between treatments diminished towards autumn, and disappeared before the second defoliation in the next summer. After the second defoliation, the activities showed a similar trend. Apparently, peroxidases are involved in inducible chemical changes and recovery reactions that occur in the intact needles shortly after defoliation. After the second defoliation, total nitrogen concentration in the current year needles was about 20% lower, and free putrescine (a polyamine) concentration was 40% lower in the defoliated trees than in control needles. These changes indicate a loss of nitrogen due to defoliation. Specific phenolic compounds such as quercitrin, (+)-catechin, and two catechin derivatives increased in current year needles in response to defoliation. Accumulation of starch and sucrose in the current year needles of repeatedly defoliated trees may imply decreased assimilate transport. The results are indicative that changes in needle phytochemistry in response to defoliation accompany changes in needle nitrogen metabolism.     

古白皮松衰老机理的研究

本文主要研究古白皮松的衰老衰弱与叶绿体的超微结构及叶绿素含量的关系，通过透射电子显微镜的观察和叶绿素含量的测定发现；古白皮树龄的差异对叶绿体结构及叶绿素含量影响不大，而植物衰老衰弱时叶绿体的变化十分明显，壮树的叶绿体结构完整，弱树的叶绿体内含巨大淀粉粒，特弱树的叶绿是多被破坏，叶绿素的含量也随树木的衰弱而降低，不同季节叶绿素的含量亦有变化。     

Removal of anionic dye Congo red from aqueous solution by raw pine and acid-treated pine cone powder as adsorbent: equilibrium, thermodynamic, kinetics, mechanism and process design

Pine cone a natural, low-cost agricultural by-product in Australia has been studied for its potential application as an adsorbent in its raw and hydrochloric acid modified form. Surface study of pine cone and treated pine cone was investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The modification process leads to increases in the specific surface area and decreases mean particle sizes of acid-treated pine cone when compared to raw pine cone biomass. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to remove anionic dye Congo red from aqueous solution. It was found that the extent of Congo red adsorption by both raw pine cone biomass and acid-treated biomass increased with initial dye concentration, contact time, temperature but decreased with increasing solution pH and amount of adsorbent of the system. Overall, kinetic studies showed that the dye adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics based on pseudo-first-order and intra-particle diffusion models. The different kinetic parameters including rate constant, half-adsorption time, and diffusion coefficient were determined at different physico-chemical conditions. Equilibrium data were best represented by Freundlich isotherm model among Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. It was observed that the adsorption was pH dependent and the maximum adsorption of 32.65 mg/g occurred at pH of 3.55 for an initial dye concentration of 20 ppm by raw pine cone, whereas for acid-treated pine cone the maximum adsorption of 40.19 mg/g for the same experimental conditions. Freundlich constant 'n' also indicated favourable adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters such as ?G(0), ?H(0), and ?S(0) were calculated. A single-stage batch absorber design for the Congo red adsorption onto pine cone biomass also presented based on the Freundlich isotherm model equation.     

Fatty acid profiles, antioxidant compounds and antiradical properties of Pinus halepensis Mill. cones and seeds

BACKGROUND: Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) is a widespread tree that can be found in both natural and urban environments. A discrimination study based on the antioxidant compounds, antioxidant capacity and fatty acid (FA) profile of P. halepensis cones (PHC) and seeds (PHS) was performed. RESULTS: The total amount of phenols was about 72‐fold higher in PHC extract than in PHS extract (P < 0.001). Anthocyanin and carotenoid contents were 10‐ and 12‐fold higher respectively in PHC extract. PHC and PHS extracts at a concentration of 1 mg mL^?1 differed significantly in free radical‐scavenging activity on 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH^?) (86.65 vs 16.97%). PHC had higher antioxidant ability on 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothialozine‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS^?+) than PHS (EC₅₀ 0.368 vs 2.345 mg mL^?1). The FA profile of PHC oil revealed its richness in saturated FAs (41.5%) and high levels of trans FA isomers, with a predominance of trans,trans ‐linoleic acid (4.74%). However, polyunsaturated FAs in PHS oil represented more than 64% of total FAs. CONCLUSION: PHC showed important antioxidant activities as well as high levels of bioactive compounds. Thus PHC is a potential source of natural antioxidants that may afford several health benefits. However, the lipid extract of PHS seems to have more nutritional value as a polyunsaturated oil than that of PHC, which is high in saturated and trans FAs. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

模拟降雨条件下岩溶地区马尾松林下地表径流特征

以贵州省贵阳市岩溶地区为例,通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究了不同坡度(15°、20°、25°)的径流小区在不同雨强(60、90、120mm/h)下马尾松林地表径流的变化特征。结果表明,岩溶地区马尾松林下,雨强对地表径流有明显影响;随着降雨持续进行,陡坡时的径流量增幅显著大于缓坡;随着雨强增加,坡度对累积径流量的影响变得显著;坡度对累积径流量的影响并非线性关系,而是坡度较陡时影响程度更大,但不同雨强条件下径流总量的增幅不一致;岩溶地区马尾松林地在中等雨强时地表径流大,大雨强时地表径流反而较小。     

重质松节油中主要倍半萜烯的研究进展

重质松节油是马尾松松香松节油生产中的副产品,主要成分为倍半萜烯,其中又以长叶烯和β-石竹烯为主。综述了重质松节油的分离,以及重质松节油中长叶烯与β-石竹烯的研究进展。主要介绍了长叶烯异构化与芳构化的研究情况以及β-石竹烯生物活性及其衍生物β-石竹烯醇的研究情况。     

红松壳多酚、黄酮和多糖含量及抗氧化活性相关性的研究

为了探究红松壳中主要活性成分的含量及其与抗氧化活性之间的相关性,试验以伊春红松壳为原料,使用不同浓度乙醇溶剂提取红松壳多酚、黄酮和多糖并分析其含量,采用SPSS软件分析松壳中活性物质与抗氧化活性之间的相关性。试验结果表明,当乙醇的浓度为40%时,红松壳多酚、黄酮和多糖得率均最高,分别为4.05 mg/g、1.7 mg/g和7.05 mg/g。抗氧化活性试验表明,红松壳多酚抗氧化活性显著高于黄酮和多糖,与Vc抗氧化活性相当。其中松壳多酚对DPPH·的IC50(半数清除率浓度)值是0.20±0.05μg/m L,对·OH的IC50值是13.04±0.04μg/m L,对总还原力的IC50值是40.15±0.06μg/m L。相关性分析结果也表明松壳多酚与抗氧化活性相关性最高,其中松壳多酚与DPPH·相关性是0.908,与·OH相关性是0.989,与总还原力相关性是0.989(p0.01),可以看出松壳多酚是主要的抗氧化成分。本实验研究的结果为伊春红松壳副产物的综合利用以及开发天然抗氧化剂提供了科学依据。