Improving the direct methanol fuel cell performance with poly(vinyl alcohol)/titanium dioxide nanocomposites as a novel electrolyte additive

The present investigation deals with the fabrication of new poly(vinyl alcohol)/titanium dioxide (PVA/TiO₂) nanocomposites (NCs) with different titanium dioxide (TiO₂) loading by using ultrasound irradiation. For the improvement of nanoparticles (NPs) dispersion and increasing possible interactions between NPs and PVA, the surface of TiO₂ NPs was modified by γ-aminopropyltriethoxy silane. The as-prepared NCs were characterized by spectroscopic, thermogravimetric analysis and electron microscopy methods. The results demonstrate that NPs dispersed homogeneously within the PVA matrix on nanoscale, which could be assigned to the hydrogen and covalent bonds formed between PVA and NPs. The results indicated that heat stability of NCs was improved in the presence of modified TiO₂ NPs. The mechanisms of surface modification and a possible mechanism of ultrasonic induced interaction between polymer and NPs have been analyzed.     

Solid-state photoelectrochemical device based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) and an ion conducting polymer electrolyte, amorphous poly(ethylene oxide) complexed with I3/I redox couple

The photoelectrochemical properties of a solid-state photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) based on poly(3-hexylthiophene), P3HT, and an ion-conducting polymer electrolyte, amorphous poly(ethylene oxide), POMOE, complexed with I₃⁻/I⁻ redox couple has been constructed and studied. The current–voltage characteristics in the dark and under white light illumination, transient photocurrent and photovoltage studies, photocurrent action spectra for front and back side illuminations and an open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current dependence on light intensity have been studied. An open-circuit voltage of 130 mV and a short-circuit current of 0.47 μA cm⁻² were obtained at light intensity of 100 mW/cm². IPCE% of 0.024% for front side illumination (ITO/PEDOT) and IPCE% of 0.003% for backside illumination (ITO/P3HT) were obtained.     

乏燃料后处理厂草酸钚沉淀器临界安全分析研究

本文对乏燃料后处理厂中钚尾端工艺环节的关键设备草酸钚沉淀器进行了临界控制方法和参数的详细分析。针对连续沉淀器的工艺和结构特点,对易裂变物质的状态进行了一系列分析,比较了均匀溶液和悬浮颗粒溶液反应性的差别。对单个沉淀器和多个沉淀器并行工作的情况分别进行了临界安全分析,并分别研究了不含中子毒物、布置中子毒物层以及布置中子毒物棒等情况下能达到的最大处理能力。选取了临界安全基准实验国际评价中的相似实验方案进行了验证计算,分析了所用程序计算此类问题的不确定度。本文开展的临界安全分析研究总结了连续沉淀器临界安全控制的规律性结论,可为后续连续沉淀器的工艺设计及今后的工程应用提供参考。     

聚氧化乙烯水凝胶膜的辐射接技研究(英)

为了得到一种理想的水凝胶伤口敷料,研究了应用电子束辐射接枝了不同比例聚乙烯醇（PVA）的聚氧化乙烯（PEO）水凝胶膜的制备和该膜的理化特性。实验结果显示,PEO接枝水凝胶膜的凝胶分数主要依赖于辐射剂量和聚合物浓度。而其溶胀度与辐射剂量聚合物的浓度;混合比例和分子量密切相关。该膜的抗张强度和断裂伸长率则明显地依赖于辐射剂量和聚合物的混合比例。实验发现,比例为7：3的20wt％PEOE-30接枝水凝胶膜与其它PEO接枝水凝胶膜和单纯PEOE-30水凝胶膜相比具有较好的理化特性,例如韧性,较少气泡,适度的凝胶分数,溶胀度和断裂伸长率,尤其它的较高的抗张强度。实验结果表明,PVA在辐射接枝后能够通过降低PEO水凝胶膜的溶胀度而改善PEO水凝胶膜的机械强度。     

Synthesis of carbon nanofibers/poly(para-phenylenediamine)/nickel particles nanocomposite for enhanced methanol electrooxidation

Several studies have been conducted on direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) to resolve major issues such as the high cost of the catalyst and the poisoning of the electrode. Herein, a low-cost catalyst based on nickel particles (NiPs), carbon nanofibers (CNF) and poly(para-phenylenediamine) (PpPD) was carried out using a simple electrochemical method. The morphology and structure of the nanocomposite electrodes are characterized by field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray detector, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The effects of various parameters such as the PpPD film thickness and the NiPs content on the electrocatalytic performance of CPE/CNF/PpPD/NiPs are evaluated which lead to the optimized composition. The results of the methanol electrooxidation reaction at room temperature showed that the optimized CPE/CNF/PpPD/NiPs nanocomposite exhibits a high catalytic activity (I_p = 38.11 mA cm⁻²), good stability and durability for more than 6 h in comparison with CPE/CNF/NiPs. These findings truly highlight the synergetic effect of CNF/PpPD in enhancing the electrochemical activity and stability and the vast potential of CPE/CNF/PpPD/NiPs as low-cost catalyst and electrodes for DMFCs.     

改性木质素/PBAT复合包装膜的研究

目的 将硅烷化木质素（SAL）与聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯（PBAT）共混制备包装性能更为优良的SAL/PBAT复合包装膜,使其在包装领域应用更广。方法 通过对木质素进行硅烷化改性,以咪唑作为中间体,将叔丁基二甲基氯硅烷（TBDMSCl）接枝到木质素的羟基上制备SAL,并将SAL与PBAT进行熔融共混吹塑成膜,探讨其对包装膜的力学和阻隔等性能的影响。结果 与纯PBAT膜相比,SAL/PBAT复合包装膜拉伸强度提高了31.0%,断裂伸长率降低了37.4%,弹性模量提高了529.7%,氧气透过率降低了39.4%,水蒸气透过率降低了42.4%。结论 改性木质素与PBAT复合能够产生协同效应,可以有效改善SAL/PBAT复合包装膜的力学和阻隔性能。     

Crystal structure of poly(pentamethylene 2,6-naphthalate)

The crystal structure of poly(pentamethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PPN) was determined by using X-ray diffraction and molecular modeling. The unit cell of PPN was found to be triclinic ( space group) with dimensions of a=0.457 nm, b=0.635 nm, c=2.916 nm, =121.6°, β=90.4°, γ=87.6°, and the calculated crystal density was 1.311 g cm⁻³. The unit cell contains one polymer chain with two repeating units. In the unit cell, the PPN backbone takes gauche/gauche conformation in the middle part of each pentamethylene unit, and two naphthalene rings are in face-to-face arrangement.     

Nanoscale artifacts in RuO4-stained poly(styrene)

This research studies the effects of RuO₄ exposure on various samples of poly(styrene) (PS). Transmission electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) shows a decrease in the 7 eV π-π∗ transition characteristic of aromatic rings in PS indicating that RuO₄ covalently alters aromatic character. Imaging and selected-area electron diffraction show that a layer of RuO₂ solid forms on the surface of bulk PS specimens exposed to RuO₄. High-resolution TEM imaging (HREM) shows that RuO₂ nanocrystals consistently condense on specimen surfaces, independent of the chemical nature of the specimen below. These nanocrystals modulate contrast at length scales on the order of 2-5 nm in TEM images and limit resolution at nanometer length scales.