Stabilization of New Phases in Ion-Conducting Nanocomposites

Physical properies of ion-conducting nanocomposites are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the change of the bulk characteristics of ionic salts in the nanocomposites due to the formation of the interface phases. The main thermodynamic reason of the formation of the nanocomposite as well as the stabilization of the interface phases is the adhesion energy _a. At sufficiently high _a values, the ionic salt tends to spread along the oxide surface, which leads to the formation of the nanocomposite on sintering. The adhesion is the result of the interface interaction and incorporates the stage of the specific adsorption of the interface ions. It leads to the formation of the double layer formed by the point defects in the interface region of the ionic salt. In the case of the strong adhesion, the structural reconstruction or the formation of the metastable interface phase takes place. Analysis of the experimental data shows that interface phases exist in composites AgI–Al₂O₃, MeNO₃–Al₂O₃ (Me = Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs), CsHSO₄–SiO₂, RbNO₃–SiO₂ and CsCl–Al₂O₃. Their structure may be either epitaxial crystalline, or amorphous. The thickness of the interface phase as estimated on the basis of the brick-wall model is about 3–4 nm.     

Evaluation of transglutaminase on the quality of low-salt chicken meat-balls

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different concentrations of crude pig plasma transglutaminase (TGase) at 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 1.0% on the quality of low-salt chicken meat-balls. Yield, color, gel strength, microstructure and sensory evaluation were measured. The results showed that both the yield and gel strength of the meat-balls increased as TGase supplement increased (P<0.05) without any obvious effect on color. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated firmer and more regular gel structures with increasing TGase addition. Texture, juiciness and overall acceptability as judged by sensory evaluation were not statistically affected until the level of TGase reached 1.0% (P<0.05).     

Transparency of Hydrophobic Vinyl Polymers Containing Small Amounts of Inorganic Chloride Salts

Termination of n-BuLi-initiated anionic polymerizations of vinyl monomers (i.e. styrene or butadiene) by chlorotrimethylsilae (CTMS) or methoxytrimethylsilane (MTMS) resulted in an opaque or transparent polymer product. Small amounts of salt (i.e. LiCl from CTMS- or Li(OCH₃) from MTMS-terminated polymerization) generated during termination stage was presumably the cause of the transparency difference. To verify this, turbid solutions were prepared by mixing transparent polymers (prepared from a H₂O-terminated anionic polymerization) with controlled amounts of LiCl in mixed tetrahydrofuran/cyclohexane (THF/CHE) solvents. Reduced viscosity (_red) and particle size (determined from light scattering) of these turbid solutions were found to increase with polymer and LiCl content. On the contrary, both _red and particle size decrease with increasing THF content of the mixed solvent. These results suggest that interactions between the LiCl/THF complex and the polymer chains are responsible for particle formation and hence turbid appearance of the solutions. Solution ⁷Li NMR spectra of the salt/polymer solutions indicated that polystyrene (PSt) has stronger interactions with LiCl as compared to polybutadiene (PBu), which resulted in a more homogeneously salt distribution in PSt than PBu as evaluated from the TEM micrographs of the corresponding bulk samples after solvent removal. A model with the included LiCl/THF complexes surrounded by the polymer coils was proposed to account for the resulting turbidity in solutions and in the bulk state.     

Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Molten Sodium Chloride

The main problems arising in all far-from-equilibrium simulations come from temperature control. When local flows become important, it is not a simple matter to distinguish between the flow velocity and thermal motion. A way to bypass this problem is to control the temperature given by the configurational expression, which does not depend on velocity. The responses of molten NaCl to strong shear and strong constant and oscillating electric fields using kinetic and configurational thermostats are compared. The differences in response increase with the increase in the external perturbation, and in very strong fields one can observe striking structural differences. In the case of shear flow, the differences are of a general nature seen in all liquids (the appearance of a string phase with kinetic thermostats), while in an electric field they are peculiar to ionic fluids and are related to the degree of dissociation. Some structural properties can be deduced by evaluating the configurational temperature expression.     

耐温抗盐聚合物TS-45流变性及驱油效率研究

在45℃(大庆主力油藏温度)下,以超高分子量(2.8×107)HPAM为对比,实验考察了耐温抗盐聚合物TS-45溶液的流变性能和驱油能力.TS-45为丙烯酰胺、强极性(含-SO3H)支链单体及少量疏水缔合单体的共聚物.实验聚合物溶液含盐(NaCl)5 g/L,含聚合物1 g/L.两种聚合物溶液在0.02～600 s-1范围均为假塑性流体,TS-45溶液的粘度大于HPAM溶液.溶液的G′和G″随振荡频率增加(0.1～50 Hz)而增大;TS-45的G′(和G″)大于HPAM的相应值;G′和G″曲线的交点,TS-45为0.1 Hz,此时G′=G″=0.078 Pa,HPAM为0.147 Hz,此时G′=G″=0.0088 Pa,表明TS-45溶液的弹性大于HPAM溶液.与NaCl浓度1 g/L的聚合物溶液相比,实验溶液的G′和G″均下降,在2.81 Hz下的保留率对于TS-45分别为48.2%和38.3%,对于HPAM分别为24.1%和17.2%,说明TS-45的耐盐性较好.TS-45在岩心中的阻力系数和残余阻力系数(38.6和9.6)大于HPAM的相应值(25.4和5.7).在岩心驱油实验中,注入0.38 PV聚合物溶液提高采收率的幅度,1 g/L的TS-45污水溶液、HPAM清水和污水溶液分别为12.6%、10.5%、8.9%,0.8 g/L的TS-45污水溶液为10.7%;在注入量0.2～2.0 PV范围内提高采收率的幅度,1 g/L的TS-45污水溶液恒大于HPAM污水溶液.图6表2参5.     

An interpretation of probability in the law of evidence based on pro-et-contra argumentation

The purpose of this paper is to improve on the logical and measure-theoretic foundations for the notion of probability in the law of evidence, which were given in my contributions Åqvist [ (1990) Logical analysis of epistemic modality: an explication of the Bolding–Ekelöf degrees of evidential strength. In: Klami HT (ed) Rätt och Sanning (Law and Truth. A symposium on legal proof-theory in Uppsala May 1989). Iustus Förlag, Uppsala, pp 43–54; (1992) Towards a logical theory of legal evidence: semantic analysis of the Bolding–Ekelöf degrees of evidential strength. In: Martino AA (ed) Expert systems in law. Elsevier Science Publishers BV, Amsterdam, North-Holland, pp 67–86]. The present approach agrees with the one adopted in those contributions in taking its main task to be that of providing a semantic analysis, or explication, of the so called Bolding–Ekelöf degrees of evidential strength (“proof-strength”) as applied to the establishment of matters of fact in law-courts. However, it differs from the one advocated in our earlier work on the subject in explicitly appealing to what is known as “Pro-et-Contra Argumentation”, after the famous Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess. It tries to bring out the logical form of that interesting kind of reasoning, at least in the context of the law of evidence. The formal techniques used here will be seen to be largely inspired by the important work done by Patrick Suppes, notably Suppes [(1957) Introduction to logic. van Nostrand, Princeton and (1972) Finite equal-interval measurement structures. Theoria 38:45–63].     

世界特大洪水

介绍了第四纪以来世界特大洪水的规模、成因，论述了特大气象洪水的时空分布规律．对洪水研究提出了4点建议。     

Effect of surface properties of different food contact materials on the efficiency of quaternary ammonium compounds residue recovery and persistence

Residues of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) remaining after sanitising were evaluated for a number of materials used in food plants. The residues were collected by swabs and measured using a spectrophotometric method. Surface topography and energy affected the QACs recovery. Highest percentage of QACs recovery was achieved for the tile material (102.2%) which had the most hydrophilic properties and least irregularities in surface topology, followed by stainless steel (82.1%). Meanwhile, the lowest recovery occurred in PVC (42.1%) and resin (44.3%) that exhibited hydrophobic characteristics and abrupt changes in height profile in a given surface area. Monitoring of QACs residues deposited on the surfaces after 7 days showed that the recovery of QACs in PVC and resin reduced significantly (P < 0.05), supposing that QACs might be degraded or interacted with the materials. However, no significant changes in residue recovery were observed for tiles and stainless steel surfaces after 7 days.     

氨碱法废清液析盐规律的计算研究(Ⅱ)——等密度线

文章计算了废清液蒸发过程中液相组成及密度，在证实计算方法可靠的情况下，对青岛碱厂废清液蒸发过程进行了预测，给出了预测结果，同时计算补充了２０℃Ｎａ＋，Ｃａ∥Ｃｌ－－Ｈ２Ｏ体系的相图数据及等密度线，举例说明了等密度线的应用。     

金属盐沉淀法提取茶多酚影响因素的研究

对金属盐沉淀法提取茶多酚进行了研究 探讨了茶叶量、浸提水量、浸提时间、浸提次数、浸提水温度、金属盐及其加入量、酸溶时酸的用量、萃取时间、萃取次数等各因素对茶多酚提取率的影响 研究表明 ,AlCl3 和ZnSO4 对茶多酚的沉淀具有协同作用 确定了最佳提取工艺条件 :10 g茶末 ,14 0mL水 ,10 0℃水中浸提 10min ,加入AlCl3 ·6H2 O 0 .60 g ,ZnSO4 ·7H2 O 1.0 7g ,用乙酸乙脂萃取 4次 ,其茶多酚的提取率可达 18%～ 2 0 %