烷基季铵盐改性膨润土的膨胀性

用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和热重(TG)表征方法,考察了四甲基溴化铵(TMAB),四乙基溴化铵((Et)4NB),十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB),十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对膨润土膨胀性的影响。结果表明,不同季铵盐都已吸附到膨润土晶层间,短链季铵盐TMAB和(Et)4NB主要以单分子平躺在膨润土晶层之间,使膨润土的层间距比原土样降低,有很好的防膨作用。长链季铵盐DTAB和CTAB以假三层平卧、倾斜排列等方式排列,使膨润土的层间距比原土样增加,没有防膨作用。且膨润土对(Et)4NB和TMAB的吸附量低于DTAB和CTAB的。     

Microtribology,squeeze, and friction of the colloidal layer

Lubricant films containing colloidal overbased calcium salts have particular effects on detergency and on the wear process. The mechanical properties of such boundary films are very dependent on the process conditions, and are essentially a result of physico-chemical transformations of the colloid. Three types of films were compared: a film obtained by the drying of the base solvent, a film due to the compaction of the colloid between two steel surfaces, and a friction film obtained with this type of lubricant. Adsorption, compaction, and shear transformations induce a solid film. The pressure effect on the frictional behaviour of these colloidal films has been investigated using a surface force apparatus for low contact pressure (10⁴ to 10⁶ Pa), and using tribometers supporting heavy loads for the analysis of the high pressure domain. Above a critical pressure, evaluated at 10⁶ Pa, the colloidal film does not flow, but forms a compacted mattress sliding on the surface plane and squeezing a molecular layer of lubricant.     

Nb−Si基超高温合金在900℃下的氧化和热腐蚀行为

对Nb?Si基超高温合金在900℃ 下的氧化和热腐蚀行为进行研究.结果表明:合金的氧化和热腐蚀动力学均由初始的抛物线增长阶段和随后的线性快速增长阶段组成.在氧化的初始阶段(1～50 h),合金表面形成较薄且连续的氧化膜,而在随后的线性阶段,合金表面发生严重的"粉化"现象.合金经热腐蚀后,其线性增长阶段发生得更早,同时在...     

榆神矿区浅埋煤层减水开采中预疏放标准确定方法

榆神矿区地处干旱半干旱地区,生态环境十分脆弱。疏放水是榆神矿区顶板水害防治的主要手段,但过度疏放不仅增加矿井排水负担,而且不利于保护浅层地下水资源。因此,在确保防治水安全的前提下,计算预疏放残余水头、确定预疏放阶段和回采阶段第四系松散含水层漏失量,从而实现总漏失量最小是煤炭减水开采中的重点研究问题之一。以榆神矿区锦界煤矿为例,在分析井田含、隔水层赋存特征的基础上,建立了煤层开采的2种充水模式,并对顶板含水层进行了富水性分区;以矿井涌水量实测数据为基础,分析了涌水量变化规律及其构成比例;采用Drain边界刻画多工作面连续回采内边界,建立了锦界煤矿采掘扰动条件下地下水流数值模型,研究了两种充水模式下预疏放残余水头在不同工况下的第四系松散含水层总漏失量变化规律,确定了工作面预疏放结束标准。结果表明:锦界煤矿煤层顶板为典型的沙(层)-土(层)-基(岩)型结构,主要充水水源为风化基岩水,主要充水模式为土层未缺失风化基岩充水型及土层缺失风化基岩和松散层混合充水型。采用GIS多元信息融合技术划分的井田富水性分区结果显示,相对强富水区位于井田二盘区局部地段、三盘区和四盘区大部分地段,与现场实际基本一致。矿井疏放水量与工作面回采残余涌水量曲线变化趋势基本一致,各占矿井涌水量的50%左右。通过数值模型计算得出两种充水模式下工作面预疏放结束标准为将充水含水层疏放至煤层底板以上15~20 m,保留一定的残余水头可进行回采,无需继续疏放。此时,第四系松散含水层水资源总漏失量最小,可起到减水采煤的作用。研究成果为榆神矿区浅埋煤层提供了“减水开采”的新思路。     

Effectiveness of combined preservation methods to extend the shelf life of Morcilla de Burgos

Morcilla de Burgos is the most famous blood sausage in Spain. However, while producers are interested in extending its shelf life, the consumer is increasingly demanding more natural food. This situation has led to the current search for new and mild preservation technologies. Two batches of four different products: control without any treatment, control with organic acid salts (CnOAS; a 3% mixture of potassium/sodium l-lactate), control with high hydrostatic pressure processing (CnHPP; 600MPa-10min), and a combination of both treatments (OAS+HPP), were carried out to evaluate any synergistic effect that occurs when combining OAS and HPP, and the influence of different preservative treatments on the spoilage bacterial population and their evolution. HPP (with or without addition of OAS) can be considered the most suitable method for preserving morcilla de Burgos as it does not produce negative changes in sensory attributes. No clear selective effect of different treatments on the composition of the spoilage bacteria was seen and similar spoilage patterns were observed independently of the preservation treatment used.     

乳化盐对涂抹型再制干酪质地的影响

乳化盐对涂抹型再制干酪质地的控制具有重要的作用，本研究结合质构分析、扫电镜观察等技术手段研究了5种不同的乳化盐及其添加量对涂抹型再制干酪质地的影响。结果表明，乳化盐的种类和添加量的不同对产品的质地均有显著的影响。乳化盐主要是通过提高pH值和钙螯合能力来增加产品中酪蛋白的乳化能力，从而使脂肪球均匀的分散在酪蛋白的网络结构中。     

乳化盐在重制奶酪生产中的作用

阐述了乳化盐在重制奶酪中的作用，以及常用乳化盐的主要特性、实际应用和重制奶酪经常出现的质量缺陷、原因分析、采取的措施等。     

铁盐在杂环化合物合成中的应用

铁盐以其价廉易得、可持续、环境友好及后处理方便等特性已经广泛应用于许多反应中.综述了近年来铁盐在五和六元杂环化合物合成中的最新研究进展.     

Gemini季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以十二烷基二甲基叔胺和1,3-二氯丙烷为主要原料合成了一种Gemini季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂。通过红外光谱对其进行了定性分析,并测定了其熔点、临界胶束浓度(CMC)、发泡性、稳泡性以及防膨性能。结果表明,该Gemini季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂具有较高的表面活性,熔点为190℃,CMC为9.68×10-4mol.L-1,发泡与稳泡性能良好,防膨率达85.3%。     

Synthesis and Characterization of Cationic Surfactants Based on N‐Hexamethylenetetramine as Active Microfouling Agents

Four cationic surfactants of quaternary hexammonium silane chloride based on hexamethylenetetramine and alkyl chloride were synthesized. The chemical structures of the prepared cationic surfactants were elucidated using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry analysis. The surface and thermodynamic properties of the prepared surfactants were also studied. The performance of these cationic surfactants as microfouling agents against two strains of Gram‐negative bacteria, namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, and two strains of Gram‐positive bacteria, namely, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, were evaluated as antimicrobial agents. The results showed that the maximum antimicrobial activity was detected for N‐hexamethylenetetramine‐N‐ethyl silane ammonium trichloride (Ah). The maximum and minimum antimicrobial activities were 73 and 60 % against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively, at a concentration of 5 mg/l, pH 7, and 37 °C.