P元素对SCu1898紫铜焊丝焊接抗裂性的影响

为避免SCu1898紫铜焊丝在焊接中出现接头裂纹,通过自主熔炼制作SCu1898紫铜焊丝,采用化学分析、着色渗透试验、金相试验和拉伸试验研究分析了不同P含量对紫铜焊接接头抗裂性、组织和力学性能的影响。试验结果显示,加P的紫铜焊丝铸锭及其焊缝熔敷金属中均会产生Cu3P脆性相,P元素的增加可增大SCu1898紫铜焊丝的裂纹倾向,随着P含量逐步增加到0.15%,焊接接头力学性能明显降低。因此,应将紫铜焊丝中P元素的质量分数控制在0.07%以下,以减少焊接过程中热裂纹倾向。     

Response of promiscuously nodulating soybean to N and P fertilization andBradyrhizobium inoculation in a ferruginous tropical soil (Haplustalf)

Field trials were conducted at Samaru, Nigeria over a three-year period (1986–88) to study the effects of N and P fertilization on the response of promiscuously nodulating soybean toBradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation in a ferruginous tropical soil. Phosphorus fertilization enhanced nodulation, while N fertilization had no consistent effect on nodulation. Both N and P increased dry matter production. Seed yields were not influenced by the application of N. However, P increased seed yields in two out of three years. Response of seed yield to P fertilization was significant up to 26.4 kg P ha^–1.Bradyrhizobium inoculation consistently enhanced nodulation while it increased seed yield in only one out of three years. Results demonstrate that P is an important nutrient for soybean production in ferruginous tropical soils. The roles of promiscuously nodulating soybean in the maintenance of tropical soil fertility are discussed.     

The roles of nitrogen,phosphorus and Potassium in the production of sugarcane in South Africa

The amounts of N and K fertilizers used in the South African sugar industry have increased dramatically in the past four decades, due partly to an increase in the area under sugarcane but also to large increases in the amounts of N and K fertilizers applied per hectare. There has also been an increase in the amount of P fertilizer used but this has been more gradual. The main fertilizer carriers for cane and their relative efficiency are discussed. During this period there has been considerable research into the nutrient requirements of sugarcane. Correlations established between soil and leaf analysis and crop responses to N, P and K fertilizers, and their effects on cane quality, are reviewed. While fertilizer recommendations based on soil and leaf analysis have provided a useful guide for determining the nutrient requirements of cane, they are continually being modified in the light of current research.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定磷铁中锰钛硅磷

使用化学湿法测定磷铁中各元素含量时,用酸溶解样品,不加氢氟酸样品溶解不完全,而加入氢氟酸会使样品中硅生成气态四氟化硅,因此要同时测定磷铁中锰、钛、硅和磷,必须使用碱熔解样品。实验用氢氧化钠和过氧化钠熔解磷铁样品,硝酸浸取后用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定磷铁中锰、钛、硅和磷。采用基体匹配的方法绘制校准曲线,各元素校准曲线的线性相关系数均为0.999 98;选择各元素分析谱线分别为Mn 257.610nm、Ti 334.941nm、Si 288.158nm和P 178.222nm;方法中各元素的定量限分别为:锰0.015%(质量分数,下同),钛0.015%,硅0.023%,磷0.13%。按照实验方法测定两个磷铁标准样品和两个磷铁样品,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为0.29%～4.2%;分别按照实验方法和其他方法(其中火焰原子吸收光谱法(AAS)测定锰、X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)测定钛、磷以及硅钼蓝分光光度法测定硅)测定磷铁中锰、钛、硅和磷,结果相吻合。     

A/O工艺实现城市污水半亚硝化与生物除磷

城市污水半亚硝化是实现其厌氧氨氧化的基础和关键步骤,但相关研究甚少,为此,利用A/O反应器处理实际城市污水,研究实现半亚硝化的可行性及其对生物除磷的影响.结果表明:A/O反应器可实现稳定的亚硝酸盐积累,积累率约为85%;通过调整水力停留时间可控制A/O反应器出水NO2--N/NH4+-N在1.0左右,满足厌氧氨氧化对进水水质的要求;温度和溶解氧质量浓度的波动会导致亚硝酸盐积累的破坏.实现半亚硝化的稳定后,A/O反应器除磷稳定性变差,可能与出水游离亚硝酸质量浓度(FNA)增加有关.     

碎石、沸石和页岩陶粒构建人工湿地的除磷效果

由碎石、页岩陶粒、沸石3种基质和芦苇构建4个潜流湿地处理单元,研究不同处理单元对污水中磷的去除效果。在设计水力停留时间3d,连续进出水的情况下,结果表明碎石单元对污水中总磷的去除效果最好．页岩陶粒单元次之,沸石单元效果最差。栽种芦苇碎石单元对磷去除效果优于不栽种芦苇碎石单元．当进水中磷含量较低时,总磷的去除率随质量浓度升高而升高,总磷的质量浓度升高至一定程度时,去除率开始下降。     

果胶的磷酸化修饰及其免疫活性研究

以溶剂、反应时间、反应温度、三氯氧磷与果胶液固比为考察因素,磷含量为指标,研究果胶的磷酸化合成工艺,并对磷酸化修饰前后的果胶进行T淋巴细胞免疫增殖实验。结果表明:极性大的偶极溶剂和较高的反应温度有利于提高磷含量;随着溶剂用量、反应时间以及三氯氧磷用量的增加,磷含量先增加后下降。在反应温度50℃、反应时间3.0 h、三氯氧磷与果胶的液固比为3∶1的最佳合成工艺条件下,磷酸化果胶中的磷含量可高达11.52%。免疫增殖实验结果表明:苹果果胶、低磷含量和高磷含量的磷酸化苹果果胶没有免疫活性,中等磷含量的磷酸化苹果果胶有明显的免疫抑制活性。     

Influence of the heterogeneity of grape phenolic maturity on wine composition and quality

Nowadays, consumers demand red wines with deep colour, soft tannins and fruit scents, but these wines can only be obtained from grapes with complete phenolic maturity. Diverse methods have been proposed for measuring phenolic maturity. However, all these methods only provide the average value and do not consider any possible heterogeneity. Throughout ripening, grapes were separated according to their density, which revealed the existence of a large heterogeneity. Grapes at harvest were also separated by density in three groups. The higher the density of the grapes the higher ethanol content, pH, colour intensity, total phenolic index and anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin concentrations, and the lower the titratable acidity and bitterness of the wines. When the grapes were denser the wines were also better balanced in flavour and mouthfeel sensation. These results suggest that grape heterogeneity may influence the final wine composition and quality and therefore it should be considered at harvest.     

天然抗氧化剂对红酸汤发酵过程中亚硝酸盐含量及品质的影响

目的 评估茶多酚、抗坏血酸和植酸3种天然抗氧化剂作用下红酸汤发酵过程中亚硝酸盐含量的变化,分析储藏期间天然抗氧化剂对红酸汤品质的影响.方法 利用GB 5009.33—2016《食品安全国家标准食品中亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐的测定》的方法确定红酸汤发酵过程中亚硝酸盐的含量,采用GB 5009.239—2016《食品安全国家标准食...     

Relatedness between numerically small Dutch Red dairy cattle populations and possibilities for multibreed genomic prediction

Red dairy breeds are a valuable cultural and historical asset, and often a source of unique genetic diversity. However, they have difficulties competing with other, more productive, dairy breeds. Improving competitiveness of Red dairy breeds, by accelerating their genetic improvement using genomic selection, may be a promising strategy to secure their long-term future. For many Red dairy breeds, establishing a sufficiently large breed-specific reference population for genomic prediction is often not possible, but may be overcome by adding individuals from another breed. Relatedness between breeds strongly decides the benefit of adding another breed to the reference population. To prioritize among available breeds, the effective number of chromosome segments (M_e) can be used as an indicator of relatedness between individuals from different breeds. The M_e is also an important parameter in determining the accuracy of genomic prediction. The M_e can be estimated both within a population and between 2 populations or breeds, as the reciprocal of the variance of genomic relationships. We investigated relatedness between 6 Dutch Red cattle breeds, Groningen White Headed (GWH), Dutch Friesian (DF), Meuse-Rhine-Yssel (MRY), Dutch Belted (DB), Deep Red (DR), and Improved Red (IR), focusing primarily on the M_e, to predict which of those breeds may benefit from including reference animals of the other breeds. All of these breeds, except MRY, are under high risk of extinction. Our results indicated high variability of M_e, especially between M_e ranging from ～3,500 to ～17,400, indicating different levels of relatedness between the breeds. Two clusters are especially important, one formed by MRY, DR, and IR, and the other comprising DF and DB. Although relatedness between breeds within each of these 2 clusters is high, across-breed genomic prediction is still limited by the current number of genotyped individuals, which for many breeds is low. However, adding MRY individuals would increase the reference population of DR substantially. We estimated that between 11 and 133 individuals from other breeds are needed to achieve accuracy of genomic prediction equivalent to using one additional individual from the same breed. Given the variation in size of the breeds in this study, the benefit of a multibreed reference population is expected to be lower for larger breeds than for the smaller ones.