超酸硝化法合成六硝基六氮杂异伍烷

分别采用硝酸-硝酸钾、发烟硫酸-硝酸钾、发烟硫酸-硝酸钠和发烟硫酸-硝酸铵4种超酸体系对六乙酰基六氮杂异伍 烷(HAIW)进行硝化,合成了六硝基六氮杂异伍 烷(HNIW),属首次用超酸硝化方法合成HNIW。通过实验得到最佳硝化反应条件,以发烟硫酸-硝酸钾超酸体系为硝化剂,当温度为70℃,反应时间为3 5h,目标产物的最高得率为83 1%,质量分数达到98%以上(达到应用的纯度)。同时对超酸硝化N双取代的酰胺类化合物HAIW的反应机理进行了探讨,超酸体系中含有高浓度的硝酰正离子(NO2+),在该反应中NO2+是进攻酰胺氮原子的有效基团。     

3-甲基-4-丁酰氨基-5-氨基苯甲酸甲酯的合成

3-甲基-4-丁酰氨基-5-氨基苯甲酸甲酯是重要的药物中间体。以3-甲基-4-丁酰氨基苯甲酸甲酯为原料，经硝硫混酸硝化、铁粉还原得到目标化合物3-甲基-4-丁酰氨基-5-氨基苯甲酸甲酯，总收率72％。研究了硝硫混酸配比、硝化反应时间、还原反应温度、还原反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响，该工艺具有生产成本低，产品质量稳定，收率高的优点。     

固体超强酸Fe_2O_3/SO_4~(2-)催化合成硝基苯工艺的研究

硝酸铁溶于氨水得到Fe(OH)3后再用硫酸浸泡,经过滤、焙烧制得固体超强酸催化剂Fe2O3/SO42-。以固体超强酸Fe2O3/SO42-为催化剂、苯和硝酸为原料合成硝基苯。通过正交设计考察了不同工艺条件下苯硝化反应的收率影响因素,最佳反应条件为:催化剂活化温度500℃,反应温度75℃,n(硝酸)∶n(苯)=2,m(苯)∶m(催化剂)=20,反应时间3 h,收率达83.9%。     

Chemically Functionalized Natural Cellulose Materials for Effective Triboelectric Nanogenerator Development

Cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer, is renewable, biodegradable, and cost competitive. This paper reports the development of a high‐performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with both contacting materials made from cellulosic materials. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are used as the raw material, and chemical reaction approaches are employed to attach nitro groups and methyl groups to cellulose molecules to change the tribopolarities of CNF, which in turn significantly enhances the triboelectric output. Specifically, the nitro‐CNF possesses a negative surface charge density of 85.8 µC m^?2, while the methyl‐CNF possesses a positive surface charge density of 62.5 µC m^?2, reaching 71% and 52% of that for fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), respectively. The figure of merit of the nitro‐CNF and methyl‐CNF is quantified to be 0.504 and 0.267, respectively, comparable to or exceeding a number of common synthetic polymers, such as Kapton, polyvinylidene fluoride, and polyethylene. The TENG fabricated from nitro‐CNF paired with methyl‐CNF demonstrates an average voltage output of 8 V and current output of 9 µA, which approaches the same level obtained from TENG made from FEP. This work demonstrates a successful strategy of using environmentally friendly, abundant cellulosic materials for replacing the synthetic polymers in TENG development.     

纳米固体酸的制备及2,4,N-三硝基苯胺基乙酸的合成

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了新型的纳米固体超强酸催化剂TiO2/SO42-,并用酸碱滴定、XRD、TEM进行了表征。结果表明,所研制的TiO2/SO24-催化剂为晶态纳米粒子,分散性较好,平均粒径为27nm。以纳米固体酸TiO2/SO24-为催化剂,氯苯和氨基乙酸为原料直接合成了2,4,N-三硝基苯胺基乙酸(TNAA),收率为71.6%。最宜工艺条件:氯苯为0.2mol,催化剂为0.7g,氨基乙酸为0.07mol,硝酸为0.08mol,反应温度为45℃,反应时间为3h。催化剂焙烧温度600℃,催化剂重复使用8次仍保持较高活性。     

Microwave assisted facile synthesis of {1/1,3-bis/1,3,5-tris-[(2-nitroxyethylnitramino)-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene]} using bismuth nitrate pentahydrate as an eco-friendly nitrating agent

1-(2-Nitroxyethylnitramino)-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (3a), 1,3-bis(2-nitroxyethyl nitramino)-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (3b) and 1,3,5-tris(2-nitroxyethylnitramino)-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (3c) were prepared by the nitration of 1-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (2a) 1,3-bis(2-hydroxyethylamino)-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (2b) and 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethylamino)-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (2c) using bismuth nitrate pentahydrate (eco-friendly nitrating agent) in tetrahydrofuran adsorbed on silica gel under microwave irradiation, respectively. Key intermediate compounds viz., 2a, 2b and 2c were synthesized by condensing picryl chloride, styphnyl chloride and 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene with ethanol amine, respectively, based on the lines of the reported method. The synthesized compounds were characterized based on their physical constant, infrared (IR) spectroscopy and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data obtained indicated the formation of nitrate esters (3a-3c). The nitration methodology adopted in the present study is of relevance in the context of green chemistry. The target compounds (3a-3c) synthesized using eco-friendly approach are of interest from the point of high energy materials (HEMs).     

苯并1,2,3,4-四嗪-1,3-二氧化物的硝化工艺

以苯并1,2,3,4-四嗪-1,3-二氧化物(BTDO)为原料,合成了5-硝基苯并1,2,3,4-四嗪-1,3-二氧化物(5-NBTDO)、7-硝基苯并1,2,3,4-四嗪-1,3-二氧化物(7-NBTDO)。并在此基础上,分别以5-NBTDO或7-NBTDO为原料合成了5,7-二硝基苯并1,2,3,4-四嗪-1,3-二氧化物(DNBTDO)。用1H NMR,13C NMR,IR和MS表征了合成化合物的结构。考察了硝化体系、物料比(n(BTDO)∶n(NO-3))与反应温度对不同硝化产物产率的影响。理论预测了可能的硝化产物,并用高效液相色谱测定了产物收率。结果表明,确定合成3种物质的最佳工艺条件为:发烟硫酸/硝酸钾体系、n(BTDO)∶n(KNO3)=1∶2、反应温度为40℃,5-NBTDO产率为34.9%;硝硫混酸体系、n(BTDO)∶n(HNO3)=1∶3、温度为20℃,7-NBTDO产率为77.1%;发烟硫酸/硝酸体系、n(NBTDO)∶n(HNO3)=1∶8、温度95℃,DNBTDO产率可达90%。实验过程中BTDO作为原料一步法合成3种硝化产物的难易程度与理论预测结果相一致,7-NBTDO产率最高,5-NBTDO次之,DNBTDO最少。     

FOX-7合成过程中硝化反应的热危险性

利用全自动反应量热器(RC1e)测定了1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)合成过程中的硝化反应热释放速率及传热系数、比热容。结果表明硝化反应加料过程中的平均放热速率约为80 W,保温反应过程中的平均放热速率约为40 W,物料放热量为375.22 kJ·mol-1,理论绝热温升为483.8 K。采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和热重-微商热重(TG-DTG)法分析了中间体2-(二硝基亚甲基)-5,5-二硝基嘧啶-4,6-二酮的热稳定性,其分解分为两个阶段,起始分解温度为30℃,第一阶段分解峰温为67.01℃,放热量为201.2 J·g-1;第二阶段分解峰温为87.15℃,放热量为1046.6 J·g-1,表明中间体的热稳定性较差。     

N_2O_5/HNO_3硝化甲苯制备二硝基甲苯

以N2O5/HNO3代替硝硫混酸作硝化剂进行甲苯硝化。研究了反应温度、N2O5浓度、反应时间对硝化反应的影响。用气相色谱、红外光谱、质谱分析了甲苯的硝化产物。结果表明,硝化产物主要为二硝基甲苯(DNT)。获得的最佳硝化反应条件为:反应温度10℃、N2O5浓度3 mol·L-1、反应时间1 h。二硝基甲苯的产率100%。异构体2,4-DNT与2,6-DNT的摩尔比为4.44∶1。     

5-氨基水杨酸的合成方法

5-氨基水杨酸(5-ASA)是治疗炎症性肠病(IBD)的临床首选药物之一,对其制备工艺的研究具有重要的现实意义。笔者对合成5-ASA的主要方法:硝基还原法、Kolbe合成法、水杨酸偶氮物中间体还原法进行了综述,比较了3种方法在反应条件、收率、环保等方面的优缺点,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。