Photovoltaic module reliability model based on field degradation studies

Crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) modules are often stated as being the most reliable element in PV systems. This presumable high reliability is reflected by their long power warranty periods. In agreement with these long warranty times, PV modules have a very low total number of returns, the exceptions usually being the result of catastrophic failures. Up to now, failures resulting from degradation are not typically taken into consideration because of the difficulties in measuring the power of an individual module in a system. However, lasting recent years PV systems are changing from small isolated systems to large grid‐connected power stations. In this new scenario, customers will become more sensitive to power losses and the need for a reliability model based on degradation may become of utmost importance. In this paper, a PV module reliability model based on degradation studies is presented. The main analytical functions of reliability engineering are evaluated using this model and applied to a practical case, based on state‐of‐the‐art parameters of crystalline silicon PV technology. Relevant and defensible power warranties and other reliability data are obtained with this model based on measured degradation rates and time‐dependent power variability. In the derivation of the model some assumptions are made about the future behaviour of the products—i.e. linear degradation rates—although the approach can be used for other assumed functional profiles as well. The method documented in this paper explicitly shows manufacturers how to make reasonable and sensible warranty projections. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

球形红细菌降解PNP的不同因素影响及代谢机理

通过拟合Haldane动力学方程,分析球形红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)H菌株降解对硝基苯酚(PNP)的生长动力学特性;考察营养因素(碳源、金属离子和NaCl浓度)对H菌株降解PNP的影响以及H菌株对酚类物质的底物广谱性,并对H菌株降解PNP的代谢机理进行推测。结果表明,H菌株降解PNP的生长动力学符合Haldane模型(R~2=0.9990);H菌株降解PNP的最适碳源和金属离子分别是苹果酸和Ca~(2+),NaCl浓度耐受值为20 mg·L-1;酚类物质中邻苯二酚对PNP降解影响最大;利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪(HPLC-MC)对菌株代谢PNP的产物进行分析,发现中间产物主要为对苯二酚(HQ)、4-羟基粘糠酸半醛(4-HS)和马来酰胺乙酸(MA),同时酶活性分析表明底物HQ在粗酶液中对苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶作用下生成4-HS,由此推测H菌株可能利用的是对苯二酚代谢途径。     

基于p 值的性能退化数据与故障数据的一致性检验方法

为对产品的可靠性进行评估,提出一种基于p 值的性能退化数据与故障数据的一致性检验方法。详细介 绍一致性检验方法的流程及特点,以性能退化产品为对象,采集产品故障和性能退化数据,确定样本的伪寿命及故 障数据的分布函数,计算各伪寿命数据在分布函数中的p 值,通过判定规则对一致概率进行判定,并结合实例进行 验证。结果表明：该一致性检验方法保证了性能可靠性模型的有效性,可为性能退化数据提供参考。     

Application of fuzzy image restoration in criminal investigation

The advancement of science and technology has a positive effect on the development of law disciplines. The development of algorithms and artificial intelligence also has a certain impact on judicial practice. Image restoration is a significant technique in image processing. It aims to objectively restore the content or quality of the original image from the degraded image. Image degradation is always generated in image transmission, such as distortion, blur. In modern video surveillance system, image restoration is significant for criminal investigation. However, image restoration based on conventional filter algorithms cannot achieve satisfactory performance. Thus, we first introduce the image restoration algorithms based on different degradation model. Then, we propose some applications of fuzzy image restoration in criminal investigation. We conduct experiments on both degraded images and videos and experimental results have shown the effectiveness of fuzzy image restoration applying to the criminal investigation.     

Degradation of starch by incubation with rumen fluid. A comparison of different starch sources

The degradability of starch from various feedstuffs was investigated in vitro by incubation of 500-mg amounts in 50 ml of a 3:1 rumen fluid/buffer solution at 39°C for 6 h. The rumen fluid was obtained from one of three cows fed on hay or hay and concentrate. The degree of degradation after 6 h incubation varied strongly for the 23 feedstuffs investigated. The degradation of starch from the same feedstuff in rumen fluid from a hay-fed cow was significantly lower than in rumen fluid from a concentrate-fed cow. It seemed that differences in degradability between feedstuffs were not determined by the ration of the donor cow, but merely by the properties of the starch. Processed feedstuffs showed a higher degradation of their starch than the unprocessed feedstuffs, independent of the ration of the donor cow. Particle size influenced degradation, but not of the starch of tapioca meal. A fairly constant ranking in degradability between the various feedstuffs was found. Fermentation of mixtures of feedstuffs showed about the same rate of degradation as found for the single products. Only when great differences in the degree of degradability existed was the degradation of the total starch enhanced. The time of collection of rumen fluid strongly influenced the in-vitro degradation of starch.     

基于果蝇算法优化广义回归神经网络的机枪枪管初速衰减建模与预测

机枪枪管初速衰减预测是一个复杂的非线性问题。广义回归神经网络方法被广泛应用于非线性问题的建模,但其平滑因子取值对神经网络的预测性能有较大影响。采用果蝇算法对广义回归神经网络的参数进行优化选取,提出了基于果蝇算法优化广义回归神经网络的机枪枪管初速衰减建模方法。基于机枪枪管初速衰减试验数据,建立在不同使用环境下随着累计射弹量的增加,以初速降为特征量的机枪枪管初速衰减预测模型,预测结果与试验结果基本一致,证实了所提方法的可行性。通过与未经优化的广义回归神经网络方法和反向传播神经网络方法建立的预测模型进行比较,其性能明显优于另外两种方法,验证了基于果蝇算法优化的广义回归神经网络方法在建立机枪枪管初速衰减模型中的有效性。     

聚合物发光二极管中可逆的不稳定行为

研究了存在于聚合物发光二极管 ( PL ED)中的一种可逆的“负阻”现象及短期衰退行为 .当加在 PLED上的正向偏压大于 1 0 V之后 ,其电流和发光强度将在某偏压下出现突然的转折 ,即电流或光强骤增而器件上压降减小 .“负阻”现象将随测量次数的增加而逐渐消失 .采用 CCD摄像头摄取发光象素上发光的变化情况的图像 ,发现光强的突变与电流的突变是相对应的 .对以不同极性脉冲偏置观察发光光强的短期衰退情况时发现 ,反向偏置有助于抑制正向的发光衰退行为 .我们初步认为这些现象可能与 PLED中存在的缺陷态及其上电荷的填充状况有关     

RhB／SiO2凝胶的吸收与发射光谱

将有机染料若丹明B（RhB)以溶胶－凝胶方法镶嵌于SiO2凝胶载体中，测量了样品的吸收光谱和发光光谱。发现，以凝胶玻璃作载体，染料的集聚程度降低，发光光谱发生红移，认为，与凝胶介孔的弱极性环境和激发态分子的偶极矩的减小有关。     

Temperature influence on performance degradation of hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cells irradiated with protons

This paper reports temperature influence on radiation degradation of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si : H) solar cells. Degradation behaviors of a‐Si : H solar cells irradiated with protons at 331 K are compared with that at 298 K (room temperature). Variations with time in the post‐irradiation electrical properties are also investigated. It is found that the radiation degradation of the electrical properties at 331 K is significantly smaller than that at room temperature. Also, all the electrical properties (short‐circuit current, open‐circuit voltage, output maximum, and fill factor) recover with time after irradiation even at room temperature. The characteristic time of thermal annealing of short‐circuit current is larger as the temperature is higher. These results indicate that temperature during irradiation and elapsed time from irradiation to measurement is an important parameter for radiation degradation of a‐Si : H solar cells. Therefore, these parameters should be controlled in conducting the ground radiation tests. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Degradation of organophosphorus pesticides in aqueous extracts of young green barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L)

The degradation of the organophosphorus pesticides malathion, chlorpyrifos, guthion, diazinon, methidathion and parathion in an aqueous extract of young green barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L) was monitored by gas chromatography. Aqueous solutions of various amounts of freeze‐dried young barley leaves containing 5.75 mg l⁻¹ of malathion were incubated at 37 °C and pH 7.4 over prolonged time periods. Over 95% of the malathion degraded in 4 h in a 3% (30 g l⁻¹) solution of young green barley leaves. When the barley solution was autoclaved at 120 °C for 25 min prior to the addition of malathion, no degradation of malathion was observed. When 10 mg l⁻¹ each of the above six pesticides was incubated in a 15% (150 g l⁻¹) solution of young green barley leaves for 3 h at 37 °C and pH 7.4, malathion and chlorpyrifos degraded 100%, whereas parathion (75%), diazinon (54%), guthion (41%) and methidathion (23%) showed lesser degrees of degradation. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry