燃料电池研究进展--第56届国际电化学学会年会回顾

主要综述了第56届国际电化学学会年会中有关燃料电池的研究进展情况。质子交换膜和固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)仍是研究重点,其中,涉及电催化剂的制备、表征、机理研究等多个方面的报道较多。适合碱性条件下使用的非铂催化剂研究再次活跃。可控纳米晶体制备、原位红外光谱、纳米电极或微电极技术得到广泛应用。离子导电膜仍然是燃料电池研究的重点。除了氢和甲醇,甲酸、甲醚、乙醇、乙二醇、甘油和硼氢化钠等燃料也受到研究。SOFC的研究集中在电解质及催化剂。     

甲醇直接氧化催化剂及其电化学性能研究

采用还原法制备了甲醇电氧化催化剂 ,运用循环伏安法测定了不同温度下催化剂的活性和稳定性。利用XRD技术分析了催化剂的晶体结构 ,制作了DMFC单电池 ,测定催化剂电化学性能。结果表明 :随着温度升高 ,甲醇电氧化峰值电流增大 ,峰值电位正移。在 0 .1mol·L- 1 CH3OH/ 0 .1mol·L- 1 H2 SO4电解液中 ,玻碳电极上所涂布的Pt催化剂量为 0 .2mg/cm2 时 ,80℃时的甲醇电氧化峰值电流达到 132mA/cm2 ,而峰值电位相对于Hg/Hg2 SO4电极 (MSE)仅为+0 .66V ,经多次循环扫描达到稳态峰值电流后 ,峰值电位不产生正移。XRD分析表明 ,催化剂中的铂以Pt( 111)晶态存在。采用液体进样 ,甲醇浓度为 2 .5mol·L- 1 ,常压、工作温度为 80℃时 ,DMFC单电池开路电压为 0 .58V ,输出电压为 0 .4V时 ,单电池输出电流达 16mA/cm2 。     

直接甲醇燃料电池研究现状及主要问题

直接甲醇燃料电池 (DMFC)具有燃料易运输与存储、重量轻、体积小、结构简单、能量效率高等优点 ,以固体聚合物作为电解质的直接甲醇燃料电池是理想的车用动力电源 ,具有广阔的发展前景。从DMFC性能研究、甲醇穿过Nafion膜渗透的影响、膜研究及电催化剂研究等四个方面描述了直接甲醇燃料电池的研究现状及存在的主要问题 ,结合当前的最新研究成果 ,给出DMFC研究中需要解决的几个关键问题     

碱性介质中甲醇在PdMnO_2/C上的电氧化行为

通过X射线衍射光谱法(XRD)、X射线光电子光谱法(XPS)、循环伏安(CV)及Tafel曲线等方法对PdMnO2/C催化剂及其在碱性介质中的甲醇电氧化反应进行了研究。研究结果表明:添加MnO2增强了催化剂在碱性介质中甲醇电氧化反应的催化活性。催化剂中引入MnO2可以使Pd的晶粒尺寸减小;并使Pd的表面出现大量的零价态金属(Pd0)和低价态氧化物(PdO)。但是PdMnO2/C催化剂上甲醇电氧化反应存在一个最佳反应浓度。     

锂离子电池正极材料二巯基噻二唑的研究进展

二巯基噻二唑(DMcT)作为锂离子电池正极材料,具有容量高、寿命长、制备简便等优点,但它在室温下的反应速度较慢.介绍DMcT在锂离子电池中的充放电机理及利用聚苯胺、聚吡咯、聚3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩、聚邻甲基苯胺、聚N-甲基化苯胺、聚3-烷基酯-4-甲基吡咯、聚3-丁基酯-4-甲基吡咯、聚二巯基噻二唑、金属离子以及金属纳米粉等电催化剂对DMcT进行改性的研究进展,以及电催化剂对DMcT电化学性能的影响.通过这些改性,DMcT的放电容量、正极电流、循环寿命都得到了改善.     

燃料电池Pt_3Pd/C电催化剂的表征与应用

采用自主开发的乙二醇制备方法对毫克级的实验室级别催化剂的放大制备工艺进行研究。将Pt3Pd/C合金催化剂的单次制备从0.1、1 g到10 g的逐级放大过程中,合金纳米颗粒的尺寸分布与形貌(TEM表征)、晶体结构(XRD表征)与电化学性质(循环伏安扫描与氧还原极化曲线测试),均保持良好的一致性。10 g级别放大制备的Pt3Pd/C在半电池测试中表现出良好的稳定性;在全电池测试过程表现出优于商业Pt/C的电催化性能;在组装的电堆模块及发动机系统表现出优于商业Pt/C电催化活性及稳定性,为车用燃料电池合金电催化剂的批量制备与电堆应用奠定了基础。     

Nafion修饰Pt/C电催化剂的制备与表征

通过在合成过程中引入质子导体Nafion聚合物,制备了Pt/C-Nafion电催化剂。采用热重(TG)、元素分析(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)及电化学方法对该催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,与Pt/C电催化剂相比,Pt/C-Nafion中Nafion聚合物的引入使得电催化剂的分散性有所提高,以Pt/C-Nafion为阴极催化剂的直接甲醇燃料电池阴极催化层中的电化学活性表面积(ECSA)达到23.61m2/gPt,比Pt/C催化剂提高近33.5%。     

Synthesis of cobalt vanadium nanomaterials for efficient electrocatalysis of oxygen evolution

A low-cost and high-activity catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the key to the water splitting technology for hydrogen generation. Here we report the use of three solvents, DMF, ethanol and glycol, in the solvothermal synthesis of three nano-catalysts, Co₃(VO₄)₂-I, Co₃(VO₄)₂-II, and Co₃(VO₄)₂-III, respectively. Transmission electron microscope shows Co₃(VO₄)₂-I, II, and III exist as ultrafine nanosheets, ultrathin nanofilms, and ultrafine nanosheet-comprised microspheres, respectively. These Co₃(VO₄)₂ catalysts exhibit OER electrocatalysis, among which the Co₃(VO₄)₂-II shows the lowest onset overpotential of 310 mVand only requires a small overpotential of 330 mV to drive current density of 10 mA/cm². Due to their high surface free energy, the ultrathin nanofilms of Co₃(VO₄)₂-II exhibits a good immobilization effect with the high electrocatalytic activity for OER.

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Copper nanoparticles/polyaniline-derived mesoporous carbon electrocatalysts for hydrazine oxidation

Copper nanoparticles-decorated polyaniline-derived mesoporous carbon that can serve as noble metal-free electrocatalyst for the hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) is synthesized via a facile synthetic route. The material exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity toward HzOR with low overpotential and high current density. The material also remains stable during the electrocatalytic reaction for long time. Its good electrocatalytic performance makes this material a promising alternative to conventional noble metal-based catalysts (e.g., Pt) that are commonly used in HzOR-based fuel cells.

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Study of electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction based on electroconducting polymer and nickel

The properties and electrocatalytic activity were studied of composite carbon‐supported materials based on heterocyclic polymer and nickel, in particular carbon/polyaniline/nickel, carbon/polypyrrole/nickel, carbon/poly(3‐methylthiophene)/nickel, as well as their precursors, carbon/polyaniline, carbon/polypyrrole, and carbon/poly(3‐methylthiophene). The materials were characterized by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDAX, and electrochemical methods, such as cyclic voltammetry and linear voltammetry using RDE. SEM show porous materials, with a particle size of around 0.3 μm. It was found that in nickel‐modified catalysts between 5 and 6 wt % of nickel is obtained. TGA and FTIR show that the modification with nickel alters the polymer bonds. Curves from cyclic voltammetry show cathodic peaks corresponding to the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in all materials, occurring at relatively low potentials. Based on the potential range for ORR as well as kinetic parameters obtained from linear voltammetry using RDE, it was concluded that C‐Ppy‐Ni shows the best performance for ORR in acidic medium. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009