Crosslinking of cotton cellulose in presence of alkyl di‐allyl ammonium salts. III. Study on pore structure of treated fabrics from dyeing kinetics

Two kinds of alkyl di‐allyl ammonium salts (alkyl groups = methyl and propyl) as crosslinking agents are combined with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) to study rate constants, structural diffusion resistance constants, and other parameters of dyeing. The dye absorptions for the various crosslinking agents are ranked DMDHEU–propyl di‐allyl ammonium salt > DMDHEU–methyl di‐allyl ammonium salt > DMDHEU, and the equilibrium absorption values are ranked DMDHEU–propyl di‐allyl ammonium salt > DMDHEU–methyl di‐allyl ammonium salt > DMDHEU. The dyeing rate constants and structural diffusion resistance constants of the finished fabrics are in the order DMDHEU–methyl di‐allyl ammonium salt > DMDHEU–propyl di‐allyl ammonium salt > DMDHEU; however, the activation energies are ranked inversely. The treated fabrics for DMDHEU–alkyl di‐allyl ammonium salts have a larger pore structure than those for DMDHEU. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 862–866, 2005     

Lipase-catalyzed esterification of lactic acid with straight-chain alcohols

Enzymatic synthesis of esters of lactic acid and straight-chain alcohols with different chain lengths (C₆–C₁₈) were investigated in batch reactions with hexadecanol (C₁₆) as the model alcohol. Cyclohexane was the best solvent for higher ester yields, and the best biocatalyst was the immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435) as well as the textile-immobilized Candida sp. lipase. A method was established to obtain ester yields in the range of 71 to 82% for the different alcohols, and the most favorable conditions for the esterification reaction using Novozym 435 were an equimolar ratio of lactic acid to alcohol, each at a concentration of 120 mM each; a 50°C reaction temperature; 190 rpm shaking speed; and the addition of 100 mg molecular sieves (4 Å) for drying. The ester yield increased with increasing lipase load, and a yield of 79.2% could be obtained after 24 h of reaction at 20 wt% of Novozym 435. The immobilized Candida sp. lipase prepared in the laboratory also could be used to produce esters of lactic acid and straight-chain alcohols, but it had a much lower activity than Novozym 435 with a temperature optimum of 40°C.     

造纸用新型材料——AKD中性施胶剂乳液的研究

本文介绍一种中性施胶剂AKD合成实验,同时对AKD的乳液的制备进行了研究。并给出了工业化生产流程及在造纸工业中的应用条件。     

微通道反应器中工业混合直链烷基苯磺酸盐的连续合成工艺研究

直链烷基苯磺酸是一种重要的阴离子表面活性剂,由其合成的直链烷基苯磺酸盐是价格低廉的表面活性剂之一,广泛应用于洗涤和三次采油等领域。以某煤制油企业的工业混合烯烃生产的直链烷基苯为原料,在微通道反应器中连续合成直链烷基苯磺酸,考察磺化温度、原料摩尔比以及磺化剂浓度等工艺条件对磺酸产物的影响规律,并与纯十六烷基苯磺化规律进行对比。研究发现混合直链烷基苯磺化过程中各个工艺条件对产品收率的影响较大。在反应温度为50℃,SO₃与LAB摩尔比为1.0∶1,停留时间为5.09 s条件下,最终产品中活性物含量可达到94.5%(质量)。同时,设计并搭建了微反应器小试平台,实现连续合成混合烷基苯磺酸盐,磺酸盐产品收率在90%以上,可为该工艺的工业应用提供技术支持。     

Polymers prepared using cleavable initiators: Synthesis, characterization and degradation

Following the great interest in polymers based on degradable monomers and degradable cross-linkers, there is now an increasing activity in the controlled synthesis of polymers using degradable initiators. The degradation of polymers bearing residues of degradable initiators has three unique effects: (a) creation of functional end-groups, (b) controlled reduction in molecular weight, and (c) controlled reduction in the degree of branching. Degradation of such polymers has been done for various reasons, including the production of end-functionalized polymers with freshly prepared thiol end-groups for specific adsorption on to gold surfaces, the transformation of a physical gel to a solution, the conversion of end-linked networks to end-functionalized star polymers and the characterization of their core functionality, and the fabrication of nanoporous membranes by the etching of cylindrical nanophases out of a diblock copolymer film. To date, a variety of labile groups have been employed in these initiators, with most notable example the disulfide, while some other groups are yet to be used.     

Organocatalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Ketones with β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Keto Esters: An Efficient Access to Chiral Tertiary Alcohol Skeletons

This update describes a highly efficient organocatalytic aldol reaction of ketones and β,γ‐unsaturated α‐keto esters for constructing the chiral tertiary alcohol motif. With the application of 9‐amino(9‐deoxy)epi‐Cinchona alkaloid and an acidic additive as catalysts, both acyclic and cyclic ketones react with β,γ‐unsaturated α‐keto esters smoothly to afford aldol adducts in good to excellent yields and asymmetric induction. This protocol offers a new pathway for the construction of adjacent chiral carbon centers and the synthesis of chiral β‐hydroxy carbonyl compounds.     

Metal‐Free,Radical Addition to Alkenes via Desulfitative Chlorine Atom Transfer

An efficient method for radical additions to unactivated alkenes via desulfitative chlorine‐atom transfer is described. The reaction is based on the use of readily available sulfonyl chlorides as starting materials and cheap radical initiators such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), di‐tert‐butyldiazene (DTBD), and dilauroyl peroxide (DLP). No transition metal catalyst is required and the reaction takes place under mild conditions at temperatures ≤85 °C.     

琥珀酸脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(9)已基磺酸钠的研究

采用不加相转移催化剂在敞开体系中进行反应的新方法合成脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(9)己基磺基琥珀酸混合双酯钠。最佳工艺条件为:n[脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(9)]∶n(顺酐)=1.00∶1.20,于140℃下单酯化反应2.0h,得到产率为100.0%的单酯化产物;n(己醇)∶n(顺酐)=5.0∶1.0,于170℃下双酯化反应2.5h,得到产率为95.4%的双酯化产物;n(亚硫酸氢钠)∶n(顺酐)=1.10∶1.00,加热介质温度为180℃下磺化反应2.75h。测定了所得产物的表面活性和应用性能。表面张力30.5×10-3N/m、临界胶束浓度7.943×10-5mol/L、乳化率3.0min、渗透率3.7s、分散力71.7%、耐硬水性能17min。与磺基琥珀酸双己酯钠盐(DHSS)和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(7)磺基琥珀酸单酯二钠盐(AESS)进行性能对比。结果表明:通过在DHSS中引入乙氧基,分散力、乳化力和耐硬水性能均得到了改善,并较单酯钠盐AESS相比,渗透性能得到了较大的提高。