Spectroscopic analysis of carbon dioxide and nitrogen mixed gas hydrates in silica gel for CO2 separation

In this study solid-state NMR spectroscopy was used to identify structure and guest distribution of the mixed N₂ + CO₂ hydrates. These results show that it is possible to recover CO₂ from flue gas by forming a mixed hydrate that removes CO₂ preferentially from CO₂/N₂ gas mixture. Hydrate phase equilibria for the ternary CO₂–N₂–water system in silica gel pores were measured, which show that the three-phase H–L_w–V equilibrium curves were shifted to higher pressures at a specific temperature when the concentration of CO₂ in the vapor phase decreased. ¹³C cross-polarization (CP) NMR spectra of the mixed hydrates at gas compositions of more than 10 mol% CO₂ with the balance N₂ identified that the crystal structure of mixed hydrates as structure I, and that the CO₂ molecules occupy mainly the abundant 5¹²6² cages. This makes it possible to achieve concentrations of more than 96 mol% CO₂ gas in the product after three cycles of hydrate formation and dissociation.     

铝硅混合凝胶对刚玉-莫来石制品性能的影响

按莫来石骨料占65%(质量分数),刚玉和黏土组成的混合粉占35%(质量分数)配料,分别外加占原料总质量4%的水、硅溶胶、铝硅混合凝胶作结合剂,研究了结合剂种类对刚玉-莫来石材料经1 100、1 400和1 600℃分别保温3 h烧后的性能及显微结构的影响,并在此基础上研究了铝硅混合凝胶加入量(分别为1%、2%、3%、4%)及配比(m(Al2O3):m(SiO2)分别为8:2、7:3、4:6)对刚玉-莫来石制品常温性能的影响.结果表明:以铝硅混合凝胶为结合剂的刚玉-莫来石试样,经1 400、1 600℃烧后的常温、高温抗折强度和抗热震性均比仅加硅溶胶或水的好,但显气孔率偏大;当铝硅混合凝胶加入量为2%且m(Al2O3):m(SiO2)=7:3时,烧后试样的常温强度最高.     

Enhanced Pt utilization in electrocatalysts by covering of colloidal silica nanoparticles

This work aims at enhancing Pt utilization in electrocatalysts by covering of preformed silica nanoparticles. Pt/C electrocatalysts were prepared by reductive deposition of Pt by citrate at moderate temperatures on silica nanoparticles with varying atomic silica to Pt ratios (1.7:1 and 3.3:1) to study the effects of silica to Pt ratio. Considerable voidages were created by inter-situated 10–20 nm silica nanoparticles between support carbon particulates to facilitate mass transfer of reactants and products. This particular method of catalyst preparation increases the Pt metal utilization, and generates a large amount of accessible voidage in the interpenetrating particle network of carbon and silica to support the facile transport of reactants and products. Electrochemical hydrogen adsorption/desorption has shown an increase in electrochemically active surface area by this approach. Methanol electro-oxidation was used as a test reaction to evaluate the catalytic activity. It was found that the Pt catalyst modified with silica at silica:Pt = 1.7:1 atomic ratio was more active than a catalyst prepared when silica to Pt ratio increased to 3.3:1.     

硅灰-氮化硅体系材料高温反应的研究

将硅灰(w(SiO2)=94.5%,平均粒度0.08μm)和氮化硅(粒度≤0.074mm)按1:1质量比混合后成型,在空气中埋炭条件下分别经1300℃、1450℃、1500℃、1550℃、1600℃处理3h后水冷,对其显微结构及物相进行了分析。结果表明:在1550℃以上,以硅灰和氮化硅为原料反应生成Si2N2O比较明显,氮化硅颗粒的边角变得圆滑,而且分布在含Si2N2O的连续胶结相中,形成胶结相包裹Si3N4的致密结构;1500℃以下,氮化硅仍然棱角分明,基本上未形成Si2N2O,只是硅灰中的SiO2析晶,析晶比较显著的温度为1300℃。     

Neutron irradiation effects on optical absorption of KU1 and KS-4V quartz glasses and Infrasil 301

In this work we have compared the effects of neutron (10²¹–10²² n/m² fluences) and gamma irradiation (23.8 MGy dose) on the IR–vis–UV optical absorption spectra of high purity silica with different OH content: KU1 (800 ppm), KS-4V (<0.2 ppm), and commercial silica Infrasil 301 (<8 ppm). The results show that the UV–vis optical degradation of the silica, after neutron irradiation at the highest fluence is similar for the three grades studied, while gamma-induced optical absorption depends on the material grade (KS-4V shows the lowest optical absorption). The effects of both types of radiation on the IR band related with the hydroxyl group (3650 cm⁻¹) depend on the silica grade. For KU1, the shape of this band changes with neutron fluence. For Infrasil 301 gamma and neutron irradiated, this band height increases, possibly due to free molecular or hydrogen atoms. The shift to lower energies observed for the 2260 cm⁻¹ band in the three neutron irradiated silica grades, reflects the changes induced by neutrons in the lattice bonding angle distribution.     

海底隧道C40P10喷射混凝土的试验研究

针对某海底隧道工程对C40P10喷射混凝土的使用要求,实验研究了速凝剂、硅灰以及钢纤维对喷射混凝土工作性、力学性能以及耐久性的影响.结果表明,所配制的喷射混凝土的工作性良好,可满足现场湿喷工艺的要求;在喷射混凝土中加入硅灰和钢纤维能够显著改善其力学性能,增强其抗水渗透能力;掺入硅灰的喷射混凝土表现出优异的抗氯离子渗透能力,适合于海底隧道工程应用.     

Effects of silica fume on the geotechnical properties of fine-grained soils exposed to freeze and thaw

Both the landfill liner and cover systems are the most important parts on a waste disposal landfill site. These systems are generally constructed using compacted fine-grained soils. It is known that the strength and permeability are particularly affected by freezing and thawing cycles in the cold regions. The aim of this study is to reduce the effects of freezing and thawing cycles on the strength and permeability. To modify the fine-grained soils, silica fume generated during silicon metal production as very fine dust of silica from a blast furnace and historically considered a waste product has been used as a stabilizer. The natural fine-grained soils and soil–silica fume mixtures have been compacted at the optimum moisture content and subjected to the laboratory tests. The test results show that the stabilized fine-grained soil samples containing silica fume exhibit high resistance to the freezing and thawing effects as compared to natural fine-grained soil samples. The silica fume decreases the effects of freezing and thawing cycles on the unconfined compressive strength and permeability. We have concluded that silica fume can be successfully used to reduce the effects of freezing and thawing cycles on the strength and permeability in landfill liner and cover systems constructed from compacted fine-grained soils.     

PRESSURIZED ELECTROOSMOTIC DEWATERING IN A FILTER CYCLE

This paper describes the role of pressurized electroosmotic dewatering (EOD) in a filter cycle. A laboratory-scale filter-press was used to filter a highly conductive silica suspension under constant pressure, followed by washing and mechanical precompression of the filter cake and finally by pressurized EOD at constant electric current. The influence of filter cycle parameters (filtration and washing pressure and duration, mechanical pressure, and electric field intensity) on the final cake dryness and energy consumption was studied. Electrodes of different materials, forms, and surfaces were used.

The optimal conditions of each filter cycle operation were found to minimize the energy consumption during EOD and maximize the cake dryness. With mechanical pressure and electric field intensity increasing, the total energy consumption increased, but the specific energy consumption (per kg of expressed water) decreased, and the final filter cake was dryer. The pressurized EOD also used less energy than thermal drying.     

Attrition resistance of cobalt F–T catalysts for slurry bubble column reactor use

There exists much current interest in the use of supported Co catalysts and slurry bubble column reactors (SBCR) for the conversion of natural gas to higher hydrocarbons via the Fischer–Tropsch (F–T) synthesis. Catalyst attrition resistance is extremely important in the operation of slurry-phase reactor systems because of potential problems with plugging of system filters and/or contamination of the liquid products. This paper addresses the effects of different supports, promoters, and preparation methods on the attrition resistance of Co F–T catalysts for SBCR use.

The calcined supports had attrition resistances (inversely related to % fines <11 μm generated during attrition testing) as follows:

−Al₂O₃>TiO₂(rutile)SiO₂

Loading of Co onto the supports improved the attrition resistances of both alumina and silica significantly. It has essentially no effect on titania. The resulting catalysts had attrition resistances in the order

Co/Al₂O₃>Co/SiO₂>Co/TiO₂(rutile)>Co/TiO₂(anatase)

The addition of small amounts of metal (Ru, Cu) and oxide (La, Zr, K, Cr) promoters had mainly small effects on the attrition resistance of the supported Co catalysts. However, it would appear that the addition of Zr to Co/alumina had a negative impact on its attrition resistance. The different preparation methods used in this study (aqueous impregnation, non-aqueous impregnation, and kneading) did not appear to have a significant effect on catalyst attrition resistance.