绿色低碳背景下城区边缘绿色空间规划思路与方法研究 ——以宝鸡中心城区南部台塬区生态建设规划为例

城区边缘绿色空间深刻地作用于 城市空间结构与生态品质,进而影响绿色低 碳建设目标,然而现实中却为规划建设的薄 弱环节。文章运用文献梳理与案例研究方 法,结合宝鸡南部台塬区规划实践,探讨了 绿色低碳背景下城区边缘绿色空间的规划 思路：尊重自然过程,提升城区边缘绿色空 间内在系统生态功能和外在复合服务功能; 利用区位与环境优势,发掘邻近城区正向关 联的空间环境与产业经济边缘效应。规划 方法展现于相互支撑的三个方面：塑造潜在 可能转化城区外缘绿色空间低碳功效的绿 色空间结构;构筑减少土地利用过程碳足迹的绿色空间用地布局;综合考量城郊游憩与地方 食物供给等绿色产业布局。最后,文章探讨了绿色空间与相关建设用地全覆盖土地利用控制 方法与空间设计导引指向。     

A new design equation for drained stability of conical slopes in cohesive-frictional soils

New plasticity solutions to the drained stability of conical slopes in homogeneous cohesive-frictional soils were investigated by axisymmetric finite element limit analysis. Three parameters were studied, i.e. excavated height ratios, slope inclination angles, and soil friction angles. The influences of these parameters on the stability factor and predicted failure mechanism of conical slopes were discussed. A new design equation developed from a nonlinear regression of the lower bound solution was proposed for drained stability analyses of a conical slope in practice. Numerical examples were given to demonstrate a practical application of the proposed equation to stability evaluations of conical slopes with both associated and non-associated flow rules.     

基于模拟植物生长算法的平面度误差评定

平面特征是最基本的几何图形元素之一,在机械零部件中发挥着重要作用。为了实现方便准确地评定平面度误差,提出将模拟植物生长算法应用于确定平面度最小包容区域的问题中。首先,根据最小区域法建立了平面度误差评定的数学模型;其次,介绍了模拟植物生长算法的仿生原理和数学理论,引入了寻优步长的自适应调整机制,并且阐述了使用该算法评定平面度误差的具体流程;最后,基于VB6.0开发了算法的计算机程序,实例运行后将评定结果和现有的评定算法进行了比较。实践证明,采用模拟植物生长算法评定平面度误差,不仅可以有效地求出最小包容区域解,而且具有良好的快速性和稳定性。     

Early warning system for rainfall- and snowmelt-induced slope failure in seasonally cold regions

In 2005, the Japanese government launched a new nationwide early warning system for predicting debris flow and slope failure disasters based on rainfall intensity and the Soil Water Index (SWI). However, the Japanese government has not set early warning criteria in many mountain areas. In addition, the existing early warning criteria in some areas are much higher than realistic ones, and snowmelt water is not considered in the calculation of the SWI. These two factors have been the cause of many slope failures in seasonally cold regions, induced by rainfall and/or snowmelt, which were not predicted. Therefore, this study attempts to propose a new determination method for setting early warning criteria for rainfall- and/or snowmelt-induced slope failures in seasonally cold regions. For this purpose, the study firstly proposes a combination model for estimating snow density that incorporates the hourly snowmelt water into the Japanese early warning system more accurately by using meteorological monitoring data and modeled snow density. Next, based on case studies and parametric analyses for slope stability assessment, new early warning criteria are proposed for predicting three different patterns of slope failures under two typical types of precipitation (rainfall and snowmelt) conditions. Finally, a new determination method for setting early warning criteria in seasonally cold regions is proposed by referring to the existing early warning criteria near the target area, in accordance with the precipitation types and the local ground conditions of the slopes. Since the existing early warning criteria near the target area already take the effects of the variations in local geology and geography into account, the new determination method for early warning criteria can be applied to arbitrary areas in seasonally cold regions, without directly considering the local soil properties, in the actual design and maintenance works.     

夏热冬冷地区居住建筑夏季人员开窗行为实测与建模研究

开关窗是建筑使用者控制室内热环 境和改善室内空气品质最直接且简单的手 段,同时对建筑节能也有重要影响,因此对 人员开关窗行为的定量化描述是非常必要 的。本研究通过对夏热冬冷地区—?—自贡市 7户住宅夏季人员开窗行为的实际监测,得到 以下结论：发现实测样本中存在三种明显差 异的典型开窗行为,分别是习惯性开窗型、 高强度开窗型和习惯性关窗型;对非环境因 素分析得出,一天中不同时段以及家庭成员 吸烟与否对开窗概率影响显著,而是否为工 作日以及住户所在楼层对开窗概率无明显影 夏热冬冷地区居住建筑夏季人员开窗行为实测与建模研究 * 刘奕巧　王新如　崔　颖　魏　绅　潘　嵩　LIU Yiqiao, WANG Xinru, CUI Ying, WEI Shen, PAN Song Measurement and Modelling of Occupants’ Window Opening Behavior in Residential Buildings in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter Regions in Summer 中图分类号 TU228 文献标识码 B 文 章 编 号 2095-6304（2021）05-15-09 作者简介 刘奕巧： 吉林建筑大学寒地建筑综合节能教育部重点实 验室,马来亚大学机械工程学院,博士研究生 王新如（ 通讯作者）：天津商业大学机械工程学院,讲 师,xinru5263@ticu.edu.cn 崔　颖：宝武清洁能源武汉有限公司 魏　绅： 伦敦大学学院巴特莱特可持续建筑学院,副教授 潘　嵩： 吉林建筑大学寒地建筑综合节能教育部重点 实验室,北京工业大学绿色建筑环境与节能 技术重点实验室,教授 *寒地建筑综合节能教育部重点实验室开放课题项目; 河北省国际科技合作基地（20594501D）;“十三五”国 家重点研发计划(2017YFC0702200) 响;对于环境因素而言,当室外温度超过32 ℃,开窗概率开始降低,空调开启比例升高;室外温 度超过37 ℃,空调开启比例达到100%,但开窗比例仍有11.1%;建立了基于二元逻辑回归的夏季 高强度开窗行为预测模型,模型的预测准确率达到了86%,而室外温度是该模型最为重要的预 测因子。本文的研究成果可以用于细化能耗模拟软件及室内空气品质评价软件对该类型住宅建 筑开窗行为特征的描述,对住宅建筑节能设计、运行、改造以及住宅室内空气品质和热舒适研 究均有一定程度的参考意义。     

基于流固耦合的高陡边坡开挖稳定性研究

随着露天矿山开采深度的不断增加,边坡高度不断增高,采区内地应力场及边坡内孔隙水压力场因开采扰动而表征复杂,且它们对边坡稳定的影响起着不容忽视的重要作用,因此,准确地模拟分析真实边坡的稳定情况是一个亟待解决且复杂的问题。本文基于现场地应力及边坡内部水文情况的监测,结合实际工程地质结构,在数值模拟软件FLAC3D中建立三维有限元模型,带入物理力学参数,地应力场及水头高度等边界条件进行三维流固耦合分析。通过结合孔隙水压力,对比分析位移及塑性破坏云图可知边坡整体位移以沉降形式为主,位移值较小,且破坏主要发生在边坡的表层,边坡整体稳定性较好,但在坡脚、坡面、坡顶等处可能出现局部岩石崩落现象。     

Centrifuge modeling of geotextile-reinforced cohesive slopes

Geosynthetics are widely used to reinforce slopes due to their successful performance and economical efficiency. A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted in order to investigate the behavior of the geotextile-reinforced cohesive slopes and to compare their behavior to unreinforced slopes. The displacement history of the slopes was measured using an image analysis system. The failure process of an unreinforced slope can be categorized into three stages: (1) uniform deformation stage; (2) strain localization stage; and (3) post-failure stage. The geotextile has a significant effect on the deformation of the slope and increases the stability level while affecting the failure modes. On a reinforced slope, two surfaces can result from the distribution of the displacement difference between the unreinforced and the corresponding reinforced slopes; thus, the slope can be categorized into three zones. The front zone is characterized as a restricted region that is subjected to a backward tension via the geotextile while the middle zone is mainly subjected to a forward tension (like a support body). The back zone is unaffected by the geotextile. The reinforcement can take effect when its length is longer than the effective reinforcement length. The effective reinforcement length usually increases with increasing elevation and is significantly affected by the inclination of the slope.     

Density effects on activated sludge zone settling velocities

A recently developed method to manipulate biomass density based on the addition of synthetic microspheres was used to isolate density effects on zone (hindered) settling velocities in samples from full-scale activated sludge plants over a range biomass densities and concentrations. Settling velocities increased by as much as a factor of five as density was increased by microsphere addition. The effects of density on the Vesilind sedimentation model parameters (V=V(o)e(-kX) , where V is the settling velocity, X is the biomass concentration, and V(o) and k are constants) were evaluated. The parameter V(o) was positively correlated with density for values greater than approximately 1.02 g/mL, while k values were approximately constant in this range. New models were developed for settling velocity as a function of both density and biomass concentration, and these may be useful for future incorporation with clarifier models to improve predictions of system performance, particularly when biomass characteristics known to affect density are variable, such as polyphosphate and nonvolatile suspended solids content.     

超大牵伸集聚纺莱赛尔纱的工艺研究

探讨超大牵伸集聚纺纺莱赛尔纱的工艺配置。通过TH558型超大牵伸细纱机和FA507B型细纱机分别纺制莱赛尔9.8tex和莱赛尔14.8tex集聚纱,并对比了成纱质量;同时纺制了莱赛尔7.4tex纱,对TH558型细纱机牵伸后区有无压力棒情况下的不同中区牵伸倍数做了对比试验。试验表明:四罗拉三区超大牵伸纺出纱的条干、强力、毛羽数、粗细节等指标较好,但棉结数有所增加;纺制莱赛尔7.4tex集聚纱时,牵伸后区加装压力棒后纺纱质量较好,中区牵伸应控制在1.15倍~1.60倍。认为:四罗拉三区超大牵伸形式对纺制特细号纱有较好的适应性;牵伸后区加装压力棒可以明显改善成纱质量。     

集聚区牵伸倍数对紧密纱质量的影响

为了探讨紧密纺集聚区牵伸倍数对成纱质量的影响,在自行改造的EJM128K-SM型细纱机上进行了纺纱试验.集聚区牵伸倍数采用1.03倍～1.10倍,测试了CJ 14.6 tex紧密纱的毛羽、强伸性能及条干均匀度指标.结果表明:集聚区牵伸倍数对成纱质量有影响,随着集聚区牵伸倍数增大,紧密纱毛羽增多;集聚区牵伸倍数过大或过小,紧密纱断裂强力、强力CV、断裂伸长率等强伸性能指标较差,成纱条干均匀度也会有轻微的恶化.综合分析,纺CJ 14.6 tex紧密纱,集聚区牵伸倍数以1.05倍为宜.