New liquid membrane technology for simultaneous extraction and stripping of copper(II) from wastewater

In this paper, a new liquid membrane technique, hollow fiber renewal liquid membrane (HFRLM), is presented, which is based on the surface renewal theory, and integrates the advantages of fiber membrane extraction, liquid film permeation and other liquid membrane processes. The results from the system of CuSO₄+D2EHPA in kerosene+HCl show that the HFRLM process is very stable. The liquid membrane is renewed constantly during the process, the direct contact of organic droplets and aqueous phase provides large mass transfer area. These effects can significantly reduce the mass transfer resistance in the lumen side. Then the mixture of feed phase and organic phase flowing through the lumen side gives a higher mass transfer rate than that of stripping phase and organic phase, because the aqueous layer diffusion of feed phase is the rate-controlling step. The overall mass transfer coefficient increases with increasing flow rates and D2EHPA concentration in the organic phase, and with decreasing initial copper concentration in the feed phase. The overall mass transfer coefficient also increases with increasing pH in the feed phase, and reaches a maximum value at pH of 4.44, then decreases. Also, there is a favorable w/o volume ratio of 20:1 to 30:1 for this process. Compared with hollow fiber supported liquid membrane and hollow fiber membrane extraction processes, HFRLM process has a high mass transfer rate. Mathematical model for the HFRLM process based on the surface renewal theory is developed. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental results under the conditions studied.     

Effects of chemical additives on high-field electromechanical properties of PMN–PT–BT ceramics

A chemical additive method using sol–gel reactions was used to modify the composition and resultant properties of a commercially available 0.96(0.91Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃–0.09PbTiO₃)–0.04 BaTiO₃ (PMN–PT–BT) ceramic. Without an additional ball-mixing process, several combinations of minor additives such as Fe, Ba, Sr, Zn, and Ti were incorporated by the chemical method. Weak- and high-field characteristics including dielectric properties, induced strain and polarization, and associated hystereses were evaluated for the samples sintered at 1200 °C for 4 h. All properties were found to depend on the chemical additives and temperature. Especially, the temperature dependence of high-field characteristics revealed different behavior from that reported for conventionally prepared samples. For example, the samples containing 0.5 wt.% SrO, 0.5 wt.% ZnO, and 0.5 wt.% TiO₂ did not exhibit a transition to piezoelectric behavior at the temperature expected from the dielectric measurements. Overall, the coating process has been successfully used to modify, and in some cases, enhance the high-field characteristics of PMN-based ceramics for electromechanical uses.     

溶胶-凝胶法CaO-P2O5-SiO2系生物玻璃的制备及机理探讨

以正硅酸乙酯[Si(OC2H5)4]、四水硝酸钙[Ca(NO3)2*4H2O]等作为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶工艺制备CaO-P2O5-SiO2系生物活性玻璃,把制备的样品放在模拟体液中浸泡一段时间后取出,以X-射线衍射、红外光谱等手段对其作物相分析,确定在玻璃的表面有羟基磷灰石相生成,同时对其形成机理做了进一步探讨.     

A Thermo-Mechanical Study of Some Epoxy Adhesives Subjected to Combined Dynamic and Static Stresses

The object of the present study was to investigate the effect of superimposed dynamic and static stresses on mechanical and thermal properties of some epoxy adhesives. It was found that combinations of shear creep and torsional oscillations, applied simultaneously to adhesive joints at temperatures within the glassy range of the adhesive, led to strengthening of the joints in shear and to an increase in the glass transition temperature of the adhesive. Similar loading stresses applied at temperatures close to the T_g of the adhesive, led to opposite effects on the above mentioned properties of the joints. The width of the glassy-rubbery transition of the adhesives increased, in the whole range of temperatures used in this study and for all epoxy compositions, as a result of subjecting the joints to superimposed dynamic and static stresses. The broadening of the glass transition was interpreted as a result of the stiffening of polymer network during the combined stressing experiments. A linear relationship was found between the area of endothermal peaks in the first DSC scan of specimens subjected prior to test to superimposed dynamic and static stresses at temperatures below T_g, and the shear strength of the joints. In agreement with this observation and with literature data, a linear relationship was revealed also between the glass transition temperature of the resins (measured in the first DSC scan) and the shear strength of the joints. Based on experimental observations and on some literature information, it was suggested that the strengthening of the joint, as well as the changes in thermal properties of the adhesives, are mainly due to physical processes, such as short-range orientation of network chains and an increase in intermolecular interaction between highly polar sites of the network. The possibility that superimposed stressing led to changes in chemical crosslinking was discussed but it seems that no such reactions occurred.     

A joint introduction to Gaussian Processes and Relevance Vector Machines with connections to Kalman filtering and other kernel smoothers

The expressive power of Bayesian kernel-based methods has led them to become an important tool across many different facets of artificial intelligence, and useful to a plethora of modern application domains, providing both power and interpretability via uncertainty analysis. This article introduces and discusses two methods which straddle the areas of probabilistic Bayesian schemes and kernel methods for regression: Gaussian Processes and Relevance Vector Machines. Our focus is on developing a common framework with which to view these methods, via intermediate methods a probabilistic version of the well-known kernel ridge regression, and drawing connections among them, via dual formulations, and discussion of their application in the context of major tasks: regression, smoothing, interpolation, and filtering. Overall, we provide understanding of the mathematical concepts behind these models, and we summarize and discuss in depth different interpretations and highlight the relationship to other methods, such as linear kernel smoothers, Kalman filtering and Fourier approximations. Throughout, we provide numerous figures to promote understanding, and we make numerous recommendations to practitioners. Benefits and drawbacks of the different techniques are highlighted. To our knowledge, this is the most in-depth study of its kind to date focused on these two methods, and will be relevant to theoretical understanding and practitioners throughout the domains of data-science, signal processing, machine learning, and artificial intelligence in general.     

面向水流系统功能的多维度水资源承载力评价指标体系

在简述水资源承载力研究进展的基础上,基于系统结构与功能的相互关系和水资源系统的演变特征,从水资源系统自然演化、生态服务和社会服务三大功能推演出水资源系统的水量、水质、水生栖息环境和连通性四维结构,并以此对水资源承载力进行表征。基于对水资源承载主体、客体及承载过程的分析,以水资源承载支撑力、压力和调控力描述承载过程,建立了基于承载过程的"水量-水质-水生栖息环境-连通性"四维指标体系,该指标体系可用于不同流域或区域多维水资源承载力评价。     

Molecular dynamics simulations of enantiomeric separations as an interfacial process in HPLC

Since chromatographic separation is a dynamic process, with the interactions between the drug and the chiral stationary phase mediated by the solvent, no single interacting structure, such as could be found by minimizing the energy, could possibly describe and account for the ratio of residence times in the chromatographic column for the enantiomeric pair. We describe the use of explicit-solvent fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, permitting all the interactions between the atoms constituting the chiral stationary phase, solvent molecules and the drug molecule. This allows us to better understand the molecular dynamic chiral recognition that provides the discrimination, which results in the separation of enantiomers by high performance liquid chromatography. It also provides a means of predicting, for a given set of conditions, which enantiomer elutes first and an estimate of the expected separation factor. In this review, we consider the use of molecular dynamics toward this understanding and prediction.     

纳米α-Al2O3超细磨料绿色制备工艺的研究

本文研究了以Al(NO3)3·9H2O和NH3·H2O溶液为原料,以聚乙二醇为分散剂,并通过在溶胶-凝胶过程中加入高纯氧化铝晶种和引入AlF3添加剂制备工艺在较低温度下合成了纳米α型氧化铝。通过X射线衍射分析和差热分析,研究了由凝胶至α-Al2O3粉末的转变温度、物相和晶粒度。结果表明:该工艺可显著降低过渡型氧化铝向α型氧化铝的相转变温度,所制氢氧化铝凝胶经950℃锻烧可获得平均粒径为45nm的α型纳米氧化铝。由于该工艺显著降低了相转变温度,可节约大量能源,是一种环境友好的绿色合成工业。     

Amorphous sol-gel SiO2 film for protection of Ti6Al4V alloy against high temperature oxidation

Amorphous SiO₂ thin films were deposited on Ti6Al4V alloy by sol-gel processing. Isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests of the coated and uncoated specimens were performed at 700 and 800 °C. The SiO₂ film exhibited beneficial effects on the oxidation resistance of the alloy. Titania scales formed on the uncoated specimens, and severe spallation and stratification of the scales were observed. The oxidation rates of the silica coated specimens were decreased significantly. The silica film shrunk to about a quarter in thickness, probably by mechanism of crystallization of silica and evaporation of the organic additments. The oxide scales formed on the coated specimens were multilayered. Beneath the silica film, formation of a thick rutile titania layer followed by a thin alumina layer occurred. Above the silica film, alumina plus minor titania layer formed. It is deduced therefore that the growth of the multilayered and mixed oxide scales was dominated by both outward diffusion of metal and inward diffusion of oxygen.     

数控加工编程中工序划分的原则与要点

根据数控加工的工艺特点，提出编程中应力求采用工序集中的原则，以保证零件的加工精度和提高数控机床的生产效率。