固态流化采掘海洋天然气水合物藏破碎参数的优化设计

选取合理的采掘破碎工艺参数和喷嘴结构参数,是实现海洋天然气水合物(以下简称水合物)藏固态流化商业化采掘的关键之一。为了分析实际工程中影响水合物射流破碎效率的因素,依托室内实验和中国南海北部荔湾3站位现场试采取得的数据,以产气量12×10~4 m~3/d作为水合物商业开采目标,采用k—ε湍流模型开展了不同喷嘴直径、泵压等参数情况的仿真模拟分析。研究结果表明:(1)确定了水合物射流破碎临界速度为24 m/s时的喷嘴直径、泵压、排量关系曲线;(2)满足商业开采的单日水合物沉积物采掘量的破碎速度为2.48 m~3/min,其所对应的射流破碎孔径为800mm;(3)在喷嘴直径确定的情况下,直接提升射流排量和泵压会对工艺流程中其他零部件造成一定的损害。结论认为,所优选出的海洋非成岩水合物藏固态流化商业化采掘破碎的设计参数,为固态流化开采水合物破碎参数的优化设计提供了帮助。     

固体模块在真空粗抽控制电路中的应用

叙述了固体电子模块在真空粗抽泵、阀控制电路中的应用及其原理；同时还介绍一种在断电瞬间利用不同电器瞬态过程时差来改变继电器锁定状态的保护电路。     

固相萃取技术在六价铬检测中的应用

欧盟RoHS指令中有害物质包括:Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr6 、PBB和PBDE.而六价铬的检测方法主要有:针对聚合物材料和电子材料的US EPA3060A碱溶提取,采用US EPA7196A比色定量检测.上述方法不能很好地解决深色试样提取液颜色对比色的影响.本文采用固相萃取技术对样品进行处理,从而很好地克服了提取液颜色对比色影响的难题.     

Synthesis and characterization of EuBa2Ca2Cu3O9−x: The influence of temperature on dielectric properties and charge transport mechanism

High dielectric constant materials have a crucial importance for various microelectronic applications such as memory devices, supercapacitors etc. Among other insulators, perovskite structured oxide materials attract great interest not only for their high dielectric constants but also their unique electrical and magnetic properties such as superconductivity etc. From this point of view, a new Europium based copper oxide layered material with perovskite structure (EuBa₂Ca₂Cu₃O_9−x coded as Eu-1223) has been synthesized by solid state reaction method in this work. The physical and chemical properties of Eu-1223 have been determined by FTIR, SEM, XRF, XRD, TGA and DTA techniques. The influence of temperature on impedance and dielectric properties of Eu-1223 has been investigated by impedance spectroscopy measurements performed within the frequency interval of 5 Hz–13 MHz between 298 K and 408 K temperatures. It has been found that the Eu-1223 material has high dielectric constants at each temperature operated. In addition, Eu-1223 sample behaves as a colossal dielectric material up to 300 kHz for 408 K due to observation of dielectric constant values which are greater than 10³. Furthermore, it has been revealed that Eu-1223 material can be used as thermally sensitive resistors in electronic circuits due to its decreasing resistance with increasing temperature. Moreover, it has been observed that the relaxation frequency of the system shifts from 46.5 kHz (low frequency radio wave band) to 1.57 MHz (mid frequency radio wave band) as the temperature increasing from 298 K to 408 K. According to dc conductivity investigations, the variation of dc conductivity with the inverse of temperature satisfies linear relationship that indicates a thermally activated nearest neighbor hopping conduction. On the other hand, it has been determined that ac conductivity has frequency dependent relation which obeys ω^s for the high frequency region. Furthermore, the frequency exponent, s, which takes values between 0.7 and 0.4, shows a decreasing behavior with increasing temperature. In conclusion, ac charge transport mechanism has been predicted as correlated barrier hoping for Eu-1223.     

Wild melon: a novel non-edible feedstock for bioenergy

In the present research work, a non-edible oil source Cucumis melo var. agrestis(wild melon) was systematically identified and studied for biodiesel production and its characterization. The extracted oil was 29.1% of total dry seed weight. The free fatty acid value of the oil was found to be 0.64%, and the single-step alkaline transesterification method was used for conversion of fatty acids into their respective methyl esters. The maximum conversion efficiency of fatty acids was obtained at 0.4 wt% Na OH(used as catalyst), 30%(methanol to oil, v/v) methanol amount, 60 ℃ reaction temperature,600-rpm agitation rate and 60-min reaction time. Under these optimal conditions, the conversion efficiency of fatty acid was 92%. However, in the case of KOH as catalyst, the highest conversion(85%) of fatty acids was obtained at 40%methanol to oil ratio, 1.28 wt% KOH, 60 ℃ reaction temperature, 600-rpm agitation rate and 45 min of reaction time.Qualitatively, biodiesel was characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy(GC–MS). FTIR results demonstrated a strong peak at 1742 cm~(-1), showing carbonyl groups(C=O)of methyl esters. However, GC–MS results showed the presence of twelve methyl esters comprised of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, non-decanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecadienoic acid and octadecynoic acid. The fuel properties were found to fall within the range recommended by the international biodiesel standard, i.e., American Society of Testing Materials(ASTM): flash point of 91 ℃, density of 0.873 kg/L, viscosity of 5.35 c St, pour point of-13 ℃, cloud point of-10 ℃, total acid number of 0.242 mg KOH/g and sulfur content of 0.0043 wt%. The present work concluded the potential of wild melon seed oil as excellent non-edible source of bioenergy.     

Fuel analyses and rank determination of the Egyptian Maghara main coal seam,north central Sinai,Egypt

Three geologic sections along the main coal seam (MCS) of the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) Safa Formation of Maghara mine are examined. Samples collected have been studied. The fuel analyses of coal samples were conducted to determine their Rank characteristic. Fuel analysis classified the studied Maghara MCS as high grade coal, medium rank (D) of para-bituminous class based on its average values of ash content 7.1% (dry-base; d.b), gross calorific value (29 Mj/kg; moist ash free) and random vitrinite reflectance 0.43%. Synonym nomenclature of the studied Maghara coal based to ASTM classification is high volatile (C) class of bituminous group with agglomerating character attributed to their values of gross calorific value 30 Mj/kg-(moist-mineral-matter-free; mmmf), fixed carbon 45% (dry-mineral-matter-free; dmmf) and volatile matter 54.8% dmmf. Elemental ratio of H/C versus O/C indicate that majority of the studied Maghara coal samples occupy the area of vitrinite genesis pathway on Van-Krevelen diagram, and within the area of per-hydrous in Seyler chart of dominated anoxic condition. Studied coal seam is a type III kerogen corresponding to humic characteristic, within the immature and mature zones of coalification.     

星用固放的现状

介绍了星用固态放大器的现状及其主要技术，展望了星用固放的发展趋势。     

荧光显示管直丝氧化物阴极有效逸出功的计算

阴极的逸出功是表征阴极发射能力的物理量，求定荧光显示管直丝氧化物阴极有效逸出功时，因其零场发射电流密度难于准确取值，温度无法直接测量，显得困难，须予解决，为此提出了一种计算阴极有产逸出功的办法，对某显示管的发射欠佳和“低温高效”的两种氧化物阴极的有效逸出功进行计算，有效逸出功率是靠测量相关物理量再同计算得出，精度不很高，文中所用办法也不例外，但所得结果能反映阴极发射能力，所需仪器少，是实用方法。     

污染地层渗透率分布特征研究

关于悬浮物固相侵入造成的地层伤害,研究人员做了大量的工作,并在文献上发表了一些模型的建立方法。但是没有对地层中渗透率的具体情况作详细研究。文中介绍了一个以颗粒通过多孔介质的物质平衡为基础的数学模型,采用有限差分法求解,编制计算机软件,将渗透率在不同污染距离和时间的结果描绘出来,并作了一些详细研究。这对研究污染状况和后面要采取的酸化等解堵措施提供了更好的条件。     

天然气:通向氢能时代的桥梁

文章概述了人类能源利用从柴薪、煤到石油、天然气的探索与转变历程,着重对天然气利用在解决城市燃料和空气污染、提高发电效率、推动分布式发电、生产合成氨和合成甲醇、推动燃料电池转向氢能经济时代等方面的优越性进行了阐述。