Solvent-deficient synthesis of cerium oxide: Characterization and kinetics

The reaction mechanism and kinetics of CeO₂ synthesis using a solvent-deficient method are investigated by simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The decomposition process of the cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate and ammonium bicarbonate precursor mixture with four observed stages is monitored using TGA/DSC measurements in a nonisothermal regime with heating rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20?°C min^?1. The proposed mechanism indicates a complex synthesis with several parallel reactions, some of which occur at room temperature. A detailed kinetic analysis is performed using isoconversional (expanded Friedman, modified Coats-Redfern and Kissinger) and model fitting (N^th order and nucleation and growth models) methods. The first three stages are best described by the N^th order model with activation energy values of 21, 53 and 90?kJ?mol^?1. The last stage, during which ammonium nitrate decomposition occurs, is best fit by the nucleation and growth model and has an activation energy of 129?kJ?mol^?1. The proposed mechanism, supported by the kinetic analysis in our study, indicates that CeO₂ has already formed before the reaction reaches 200?°C. The average crystallite size of CeO₂ synthesized at 300?°C, which was calculated from the XRD measurements and observed in the SEM and TEM data, is between 10 and 20?nm.     

Recovery and Separation of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Solvent‐Impregnated Resins

The recovery and separation of metals from aqueous solutions is one of the research hotspots in hydrometallurgy, environment protection, analytical chemistry, etc. Much attention has been paid to solvent‐impregnated resins (SIRs) since these were firstly proposed for the extraction of metals. SIRs are characterized by high efficiency and selectivity, convenient preparation, and easy operation because they combine the unique advantages of solvent extraction and ion exchange. The preparation and features of SIRs are summarized and their applications in the extraction of various metals from solutions are reviewed. In addition, the equilibrium, thermodynamics, and sorption kinetics of the metals onto SIRs are elucidated in detail.     

Solvent Extraction of Heavy Lanthanides(III) with 5,7‐Dibromo‐8‐hydroxyquinoline from Aqueous Perchlorate Solution

Abstract

The extraction of Tb(III), Dy(III), Ho(III), Er(III), Tm(III), and Yb(III) with 5,7‐dibromo‐8‐hydroxyquinoline (Hdbq or HA) in chloroform from aqueous perchlorate solutions was investigated. The formation of the LnA₃ species (where Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb) in the organic phase was supported by the data. The parameters of the extraction processes were determined, and the separation factors between two adjacent lanthanides(III) were calculated.     

Study of Proton Leakage at Interface of Anion-Exchange Membrane in Solutions of Acids,Salts, and Solvents Using Current/Voltage Characteristics

Water dissociation and proton leakage using the anionic exchange membrane (AMH) are studied by means of current/voltage characteristics and confirmed by simulation of transport number using Hittorf's method. The acids used are HCl, HNO₃, and H₂SO₄ and the salts are NaCl, ZnCl₂, and NaNO₃. Concentration polarization of such membrane is accompanied by a change in the electrolyte concentration/solution interface due hydrolysis reactions. The results show that when the concentration of the electrolyte increases, the limiting current density increases linearly and the transmembrane resistance decreases systematically. The thickness of the diffusion layer is always higher in presence of acid than salt, making in evidence the proton leakage through the membrane. Besides, when the membrane is selectively permeable to chloride anion in the case of ZnCl₂, the thickness of the double layer is rather bigger and far exceeds that of the membrane. The voltamperometry method seems reliable and offers some advantages over that of Hittorf because it shows the effects of some parameters on the value of limiting current: concentration, counter-ion types (Cl^?, NO₃^? SO₄^2?), and the gradient of concentration in the anode and cathode compartments. It can, therefore, allow to optimize the value of the current which should be used in electrodialysis in any form and without a great consumption of energy. Moreover, the simulation carried out for transport number of proton, shows its sensitivity toward the variation in concentration in the receiving compartment. In effect, a small decrease in concentration implies an enormous decrease in its value.     

Solvent extraction reaction of hafnium(IV) from strong sulfuric acid solutions with D2EHPA and PC 88A

Hafnium can be selectively extracted over zirconium from strong sulfuric acid solutions by D2EHPA or PC 88A. Solvent extraction experiments have been performed to identify the reaction of Hf from strong sulfuric acid solutions (1 to 7 M) by these two extractants. Hafnium extraction was gradually decreased and then increased again with the increase of sulfuric acid concentration. By applying a slope method, the extracted Hf species was proposed to be HfA₄·(HA)₂ by D2EHPA and Hf(HSO₄)₂A₂·(HA)₂ by PC 88A, respectively. This difference in the nature of the extracted species was verified by FT-IR spectra.     

聚酯热熔胶溶胀制粉法的研究

聚醋热熔胶在其溶剂一沉淀剂混合液中加热“溶胀”后。再利用搅拌破碎而冷却成粉的方法。通过计算得到聚酯胶的溶解度参数(δ=21.8),参照比值选择溶剂和沉淀剂,并确定混合液的配比。文中还时制粉工艺和混合原料制粉的性能进行了研究。     

Transport of lithium through a supported liquid membrane of LIX54 and TOPO in kerosene

A mathematical transport model is developed for the extraction of lithium from dilute synthetic solution, simulating geothermal water, using a supported liquid membrane (SLM) of LIX54 (major component is -acetyl-m-dodecylacetophenone) and TOPO (tri-n-octylphosphine oxide) in kerosene. The model is based on fundamental mass transfer and kinetics mechanisms that account for all possible transport resistances. The model is solved numerically and is used to investigate the effect of various extraction conditions and membrane support characteristics. Reasonable agreement is found between the predicted and the experimental results reported in literature.     

从中质洗油提取高纯度2,6-二甲基萘的工艺研究

2,6-二甲基萘是重要的有机化工原料,通过对中质洗油进行减压精馏,富集2,6-二甲基萘,对富含2,6-二甲基萘的馏分进行多次溶剂结晶,以提高产品中2,6-二甲基萘的含量。实验结果表明,减压精馏富集的2,6-二甲基萘馏分,经过五次溶剂结晶,可得到纯度为99.72%的2,6-二甲基萘产品。     

硅橡胶—金属高温硫化粘接的研究

以ＶＴＰＳ（乙烯基三叔丁基过氧硅烷）作为硅橡胶与金属高温硫化粘接的增粘剂,可将硅橡胶与金属的高温硫化粘接剪切强度从低于０．４ＭＰａ提高到５．０ＭＰａ以上。用溶液浸蚀分析证明：硅橡胶与金属粘接界面的相互作用力包括色散作用和化学键作用。     

铂族元素分离中的萃淋树脂技术

本文从萃淋树脂在单个、2个、3个及以上铂族元素分离提取中的应用三方面进行了综述。萃淋树脂技术将溶剂萃取的高选择性和离子交换的简便、高效性结合起来。克服了溶剂萃取污染严重、分相困难和离子交换树脂合成困难、成本高等缺点，成为1种新型的简便、高效和环境友好的分离技术。该技术为铂族元素分离开拓了一条新途径。