烤房类型及配套烘烤技术对烟叶淀粉含量的影响

采用热风循环普通烤房和立式炉热风室烤房及配套烘烤技术,对红花大金元和K326品种的上、中、下3个部位烟叶进行烘烤,测定烘烤过程中的烟叶淀粉含量,并对初烤烟叶进行评吸鉴定.结果表明采用热风循环普通烤房及配套烘烤技术和立式炉热风室烤房及其配套烘烤技术调制后的烟叶淀粉含量分别为6.83%和7.73%,其差异达到了极显著水平,而且热风循环烤房及配套烘烤技术调制出的烟叶评吸质量也有一定程度的改善.     

Supervised Multivariate Analysis of Hyper-spectral NIR Images to Evaluate the Starch Index of Apples

Fruit maturity indexes are crucial in harvest time determination and commercial context. The harvest time of apples, matching the desired commercial characteristics, is assessed through starch–iodine test in practice. Fruit halves are dipped into iodine solution and patterns are visually evaluated by experts comparing them to reference charts. Aim of the work was to study the relationships of near infrared (NIR) spectral images (1,000–1,700 nm), starch/starch-free patterns visually assessed and RGB color images. Spectral images of 88 Golden Delicious Klon B apples were sampled at seven different maturity stages. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) technique was used on hyper-spectral NIR images to classify single pixels using its NIR reflectance spectrum. The response variable (i.e. the classification for each pixel) was identified through the matching of single pixel obtained with the color images, segmented in two classes (starch and starch-free), and the NIR hyper-spectral matrix. Mean hyper-spectral classification obtained through PLSDA modeling on individual apple correctly classified 80.81% of the total pixels, while the unique model, i.e. a single model including all the fruits, resulted in 66.33%. In the latter case, the relationship with the RGB classification showed high values (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.95). The present work shows the feasibility of NIR imaging spectroscopy as a tool for apple fruit maturity determination, avoiding expert’s subjective interpretation by traditional starch index assignments.     

Potentiometric titration for determination of amylose content of starch – A comparison with colorimetric method

Amylose, the amount of which varies significantly depending on the source, is one of the key components of starch. The proportion of the essentially linear amylose and the highly branched amylopectin greatly influences the physico-chemical properties of starch. In this study, potentiometric titration using an auto-titrator and colorimetric methods were compared for determining amylose contents of a variety of starch samples. Potentiometric titration results for starches from a variety of botanical sources were within the reported literature ranges while the colorimetric method seemed to overestimate amylose content.     

Suppression of Fusarium graminearium growth by differently structured starch types

We investigated the growth behavior and amylolytic enzymes of Fusarium graminearum cultivated on different types of native starch granules including barley (A‐type crystalline polymorph), potato and Curcuma zedoaria (B‐type crystalline polymorph), cassava (C‐type crystalline polymorph), and high AM maize (A + Vh‐type crystalline polymorphs). F. graminearum grew poorly on B‐type starches and the accumulation of biomass was similar to that obtained for fungi cultivated under carbohydrate starvation conditions. In comparison, three‐ to fivefold higher accumulation of fungal biomass was observed for growth on the A‐, C‐ and A + Vh‐type starches. Fungal glucoamylase and α‐amylase activity increased over time in the presence of native starch granules. Interestingly, resistant B‐type starches induced the highest amylolytic activity indicating that F. graminearum interacts with B‐type granules although only limited degradation occur. Starch degradation products maltose and malto‐oligosacharides was found to increase glucoamylase and α‐amylase activity, whereas glucose acted as a catabolite repressor.     

Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of cassava starch grafted polyDADMAC synthesis for cationic properties

Response surface methodology was used to study the process optimization of cationic percentage through grafting diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) into cassava starch. Based on Box–Behken design, quadratic models were developed to correlate the synthesis variables: concentration of DADMAC (A), concentration of initiator (B), and polymerization temperature (C), to the responses of cationic percentage (y). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the concentration of initiator was the most significant variable for the response. The optimum preparation conditions for starch grafted polyDADMAC were 14% cationic using 31 g DADMAC/10 g dry starch of concentration DADMAC, a polymerization temperature of 74°C, and 4.92 g cerric ammonium nitrate/10 mL of initiator concentration.     

部分糊化淀粉浆液黏度与浆液性能相关性分析

探讨部分糊化淀粉浆液黏度对浆液性能影响的规律。以玉米淀粉为原料,采用蒸汽升温方式分别在62℃~67℃制备了6种不同黏度的部分糊化淀粉浆液,对浆液的黏度、糊化度、结晶度、粒径和膨胀势进行测试,并应用SPSS统计软件的相关分析与线性回归分析功能对测试结果进行了相关性分析。结果表明:部分糊化淀粉浆液的黏度与结晶度呈负相关,结晶度随黏度的增大而降低;黏度与平均粒径、膨胀势呈极显著正相关,平均粒径和膨胀势值均随黏度的增加而明显增大;黏度与平均粒径、膨胀势呈明显的线性关系。认为通过相关性分析可以建立起部分糊化淀粉浆液的评价分析方法,运用此方法,可以直观、有效地对部分糊化淀粉浆液黏度性质进行评价分析。     

Cross-linking of wheat starch improves the crispness of deep-fried battered food

Wheat starches with different degrees of cross-linking were used to study the effect of starch gelatinization in the batter and crust characteristics of deep-fried battered food. Pasting properties, viscosity and batter pick up as well as moisture and oil content and crispness of the fried crusts were evaluated. In batters prepared with a constant solids/water ratio, the cross-linked starches increased batter viscosity and consequently the batter pick up. Batters, with comparable viscosity were prepared by varying the solid/water ratio which gave the same batter pick up.The pasting properties of cross-linked starches showed that the higher the cross-linking the more resistant was the starch to gelatinization and granule disintegration. In batters with a constant solids/water ratio, batter with high cross-linked starch had more water loss during frying. Cross-linked starches had lower moisture content after storage and less oil was retained after frying. Crispness, measured instrumentally as sound intensity, was the highest for the high cross-linked starch at 1 and 20 min after frying.Batters prepared with the same viscosity were used to study the effect of cross-linked starches when the pick up was the same. To obtain comparable viscosities between the batters, the batter with native starch was prepared using the lowest mixing water content and the one with high cross-linked starch with the highest. The batter with the high cross-linked starch, although it had the highest addition of water, had the best crispness after frying.In conclusion, high cross-linking of wheat starch enhances crispness perception of deep-fried battered food.     

Inhibitory effects of fucan sulfates on enzymatic hydrolysis of starch

The effect of fucoidan and its oversulfated derivative on starch digestibility was investigated by determining the enzymatic reaction kinetics and their inhibitory activity against α-amylase and amyloglucosidase. After the α-amylase hydrolysis, the produced reducing sugars of the buckwheat starch (BW, 2.0-3.0 g/100 mL) and those of the blends of BW with low levels of native fucoidan (NF, 0.5-1.0 g/100 mL) and oversulfated fucoidan (OSF, 0.5-1.0 g/100 mL) were in the range of 440-450 mg/g starch. The addition of NF and OSF did not significantly influence the α-amylolysis. The hydrolysis of the starch and the fucoidan blends using both α-amylase and amyloglucosidase was decreased to 12% by the addition of 1.0 g/100 mL OSF, while only 5% reduction of the starch hydrolysis by 1.0 g/100 mL NF. The inhibitory activity of NF on amyloglucosidase was negligible, but that of OSF on amyloglucosidase was considerable up to 21.2% at the concentration of 10 mg/mL with non-competitive inhibition mechanism. It was suggested that the substantial reduction of starch hydrolysis by the addition of OSF may be caused by a direct inhibition of amyloglucosidase activity, implying a possible application of OSF as an enzyme inhibitor.