等效热降法的改进计算方法

目前采用的汽轮机理想循环热效率受到相对内效率影响而不能准确反映汽轮机热力系统运行经济状态。同时，等效热降法计算中需要预先已知汽轮机排汽焓及回热抽汽状态点的焓值，而凝汽式汽轮机排汽焓及处于湿蒸汽区回热抽汽点焓值不能准确确定，从而导致等效热降法计算结果产生误差。针对上述问题，文中首先对理想循环热效率的定义方法进行了改进。然后，基于改进的理想循环热效率，提出了等效热降法的改进算法。该方法利用蒸汽等熵膨胀过程来确定等效热降，不仅避开了求解汽轮机排汽焓的难题，而且还可以分析引起热力系统经济性降低的原因和部位，从而为汽轮机热力系统经济性诊断提供了依据。通过与常规等效热降法计算结果的对比，证明了该改进方法的正确性。     

BFe30-1-1白铜管早期腐蚀失效原因分析

某电厂凝汽器BFe30-1-1白铜管投运后几年内出现较为严重的局部腐蚀和点腐蚀，为此，对材质、水质等诸多因素进行了分析研究，通过宏观、微观检查和电化学试验，认为是微生物及生物粘泥的附着引起了铜管的早期腐蚀失效。     

Comparison of Operant Escape and Innate Reflex Responses to Nociceptive Skin Temperatures Produced by Heat and Cold Stimulation of Rats.

In behavioral tests, rats performed learned escape responses to thermal stimulation of the paws by 44.0. 47.0. or 0.3 degrees C. Licking, guarding, and jumping reflexes were evaluated at these temperatures. The frequency, latency, and duration of escape and reflex responses were compared and were related to hind-paw skin temperatures measured during stimulation of awake and anesthetized rats. The duration and latency of escape from heat were appropriately related to stimulus intensity. Escape occurred reliably for each intensity. Reflexes occurred unreliably and at long latency to 44.0 or 0.3 degrees C and were not appropriately related to heat intensity. The reflexes were relatively insensitive to thermal nociceptive stimulation other than heating of the skin at a high rate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

“车-站-网”多元需求下的电动汽车快速充电引导策略

提出一种面向电动汽车(车)、快速充电站(站)、配电网(网)多元需求的电动汽车快速充电引导策略。首先介绍了“车-站-网”协同模式下充电引导架构,并基于起讫点分析得出的快充需求分布结果,提出一种双层队列模型模拟快速充电站动态队列。然后,根据动态队列和节点电压约束下配电网快充负荷接纳能力,采用动态电价需求函数建立充电电价模型,以用户充电成本最小为目标引导用户选择快速充电站。最后,以某市部分主城区为例,对1 000辆具有快充需求的电动汽车在不同参与度下进行仿真。结果表明,所提充电引导策略能够在节约用户充电成本的同时,提高快速充电站的运营效率,保证配电网的运行安全。     

基于免疫遗传算法的工艺设计与调度集成

为实现工艺设计与调度的并行分布式集成，建立了工艺规程调度仿真优化的数学模型，确定了模型的决策空间、目标函数及约束条件。提出了一种协同进化免疫遗传算法，用以同时优化零件的备选工艺规程组合和调度方案，通过工艺种群及调度种群的相互促进，实现协同进化，依据抗体的亲和力及抗体浓度来保持群体的多样性，根据抗体的激励度来进行免疫选择，采用最优解保持策略，确保算法的收敛性，考虑编码特点，工艺抗体采用均匀交叉及随机扰动变异，而调度抗体采用均匀顺序交叉及倒位变异。通过对10台设备10种零件的实例仿真，验证了算法的有效性。     

Entropy generation from hydrogen production of catalytic partial oxidation of methane with excess enthalpy recovery

Catalytic partial oxidation of methane (CPOM) is an important route for producing hydrogen and it is featured by autothermal reaction. To recognize the reaction characteristics of CPOM, H₂ production and entropy generation from CPOM in Swiss-roll reactors are studied numerically. The considered parameters affecting the performance of CPOM include the excess enthalpy recovery, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), number of turns and atomic O/C ratio. The impact of chemical reactions, heat transfer and friction on entropy generation is also analyzed. The results indicate that preheating reactants through waste heat recovery as well as increasing GHSV or number of turns is conducive to enhancing H₂ yield, whereas the maximum H₂ yield develops at O/C = 1.2. A higher H₂ yield is always accompanied by a higher value of entropy generation, and chemical reactions are the main source of entropy generation, especially from steam methane reforming. In contrast, viscous dissipation almost plays no part on entropy generation, compared to heat transfer and chemical reactions. From the analysis of entropy generation, detailed mechanisms of H₂ production from CPOM can be figured out.     

Assessment of the radiation impact of steam generator dismantling on the workers,public and environment

Prediction of the exposure of workers and the impact on the public and environment is necessary for the planning of the decommissioning tasks. Planning and realisation of the dismantling process have to take into account many factors. This results in the creation of possible dismantling scenarios. Moreover, the input data such as nuclide composition and activity content often vary. In the case of a steam generator, the contamination level can differ even within the same nuclear power plant. The paper describes and applies the methodology used for complex analysis of the steam generator dismantling process in nuclear power plants using the VVER-440 reactor types.     

Multi-objective optimal design of vertical natural circulation steam generator

In this work, a hybrid non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm was proposed and utilized to perform the multi-objective optimization design of a natural circulation steam generator, which included minimizing of the weight, the volume and the reactor coolant flow-rate. Sensitivity analysis of the design variables was carried out to study the relationships between the optimization variables and the objective functions, which was also helpful for the explanation of the optimization results. The mathematical model of the steam generator was validated by the RELAP5 code. The results show that the mathematical model has a good agreement with the RELAP5 model after modifying the boiling correlation in the secondary side; the proposed hybrid non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is able to find much better spread of solutions and better convergence near the true Pareto optimal front compared to the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm; reactor inlet temperature is the most important variable which influences the distribution of Pareto optimal solutions.     

Extraction of Siphonochilus aethiopicus Essential Oil by Steam Distillation

Siphonochilus aethiopicus is an indigenous South African plant also known as African ginger. It has often been used for its medicinal properties to treat various ailments such as flu, colds, and so forth. The research aim of this study was to optimize the process parameters of steam distillation for the extraction of oil from African ginger rhizomes. This technology is the oldest and well known for extracting essential oils due to its economic viability and the higher final oil purity. The effects of operating parameters such as extraction duration, moisture content, particle size, and temperatures between 80°C and 100°C were studied for maximum oil recovery. The oil recovery of 0.61% (w/w) was achieved after 270?min of extraction time, using 6.37% (dry) moisture content of particle size 2.4?mm–4?mm at a maximum temperature of 100°C. Fick’s first law was used to mathematically model the experimental data of this study.     

Effect of introducing a steam pipe to n-dodecane decomposition by in-liquid plasma for hydrogen production

A method has been developed to improve the hydrogen production efficiency (HPE) by in-liquid plasma n-dodecane decomposition. A thin steam pipe is placed over the plasma electrode to recover the thermal energy emitted from the plasma to its surroundings. The steam generated by this energy is supplied to the vaporized n-dodecane around the edge of the plasma to cause a steam reforming reaction (SRR). Water pyrolysis is suppressed by not supplying the steam directly to the plasma. A large amount of CO and a small amount of CO₂ were detected in the produced gas. This indicates that a strong SRR has occurred. The HPE obtained by this method is 0.28 Nm³/kWh, which is two times greater than those obtained by previous methods, and similar to or greater than the yield of water electrolysis. This result is a major advance in the field of plasma heavy hydrocarbon decomposition aimed at hydrogen production. HPE is expected to be further improved by simply increasing the input power, due to synergy between the heat recovery effect of the steam pipe and the bubble stabilization effect. This indicates that this method has a high potential.