重质裂解原料在工业应用中存在的问题及措施

从大庆原油常减压馏分油、加氢精制、加氢裂化生成油物性分析出发,结合BMCI值的计算结果,研究了其作为裂解原料的可行性。系统地阐述和分析了国内以轻柴油、大庆减一线、蜡下油以及减压馏分油等重质原料制取低碳烯烃在实验室模拟、工业试验以及实际生产中的裂解性能和结焦情况,列举了国内3个典型裂解炉型在加工加氢裂化尾油所积累的经验。重点对重质原料裂解过程中裂解炉结焦特征进行了分析,针对在裂解重质原料时出现的严重结焦、急冷油粘度过大等问题,结合国内外所取得的经验提出了应对措施。     

美国致密砂岩气藏开发与启示

美国是目前致密砂岩天然气产量最多的国家,历经40年逐步形成了气藏描述、井网加密、增产改造及钻井完井等系列配套技术,其成功的开发实践将为我国致密砂岩气藏开发提供宝贵的经验。在系统调研并分析美国致密砂岩气藏储层特征、开发特征与关键技术的基础上,借鉴美国致密砂岩气田的开发经验,得到以下几点启示:①三维地震技术可以有效地提高开发井成功率;②井网加密可以有效提高多层、透镜状气藏的采收率;③直井分层压裂是致密气藏开发的主体增产工艺技术;④综合应用小井眼、快速钻井、地面优化简化等技术来降低成本。上述分析研究结论将对我国低渗透砂岩气藏合理开发起到积极的推动作用。     

Poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based micro-reactors for steam reforming of methanol

A miniaturized methanol steam reformer with a serpentine type of micro-channels was developed based on poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) material. This way of fabricating micro-hydrogen generator is very simple and inexpensive. The volume of a PDMS micro-reformer is less than 10 cm³. The catalyst used was a commercial Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ reforming catalyst from Johnson Matthey. The Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ reforming catalyst particles of mean diameter 50-70 μm was packed into the micro-channels by injecting water based suspension of catalyst particles at the inlet point. The miniaturized PDMS micro-reformer was operated successfully in the operating temperatures of 180-240 °C and 15%-75% molar methanol conversion was achieved in this temperature range for WHSV of 2.1-4.2 h⁻¹. It was not possible to operate the micro-reformer made by pure PDMS at temperature beyond 240 °C. Hybrid type of micro-reformer was fabricated by mixing PDMS and silica powder which allowed the operating temperature around 300 °C. The complete conversion (99.5%) of methanol was achieved at 280 °C in this case. The maximum reformate gas flow rate was 30 ml/min which can produce 1 W power at 0.6 V assuming hydrogen utilization of 60%.     

Mach-Zehnder interference microscopy optically records electrically stimulated cellular activity in unstained nerve cells

Dual-beam white light interference microscopy monitors changes in the optical density of the investigated object with high sensitivity. We report on the recording of dynamic changes in a neuron's optical density evoked by extracellular electrical stimulation. These recorded changes were analysed and unambiguously connected to the investigated object, an invertebrate neuron of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. The results provide evidence for the method's applicability in visualizing cellular dynamics purely by evaluating changes in a cell's optical properties.     

全自动蒸汽疏水回水机及其应用

文中介绍了全自动蒸汽疏水回水机技术和自控原理及其应用。全自动蒸汽疏水回水机是专门为换热站设计的蒸汽凝结水节能设备,它用于换热站蒸汽凝结水回收和余热利用具有独到之处并取得了良好的效果。     

高能气体压裂对煤层气井增产改造作用

高能气体压裂技术是一种有效的解堵增产技术。介绍了高能气体压裂的作用机理、作用特点、施工过程;山西蓝焰煤层气集团在阳泉矿区煤层气井应用高能气体压裂获得的重要成果;针对生产数据提出高能气体压裂技术在煤层气井增产改造中的作用。     

Catalysts for hydrogen production in a multifuel processor by methanol,dimethyl ether and bioethanol steam reforming for fuel cell applications

Methanol, dimethyl ether and bioethanol steam reforming to hydrogen-rich gas were studied over CuO/CeO₂ and CuO–CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts. Both catalysts were found to provide complete conversion of methanol to hydrogen-rich gas at 300–350 °C. Complete conversion of dimethyl ether to hydrogen-rich gas occurred over CuO–CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ at 350–370 °C. Complete conversion of ethanol to hydrogen-rich gas occurred over CuO/CeO₂ at 350 °C. In both cases, the CO content in the obtained gas mixture was low (<2 vol.%). This hydrogen-rich gas can be used directly for fuelling high-temperature PEM FC. For fuelling low-temperature PEM FC, it is needed only to clean up the hydrogen-rich gas from CO to the level of 10 ppm. CuO/CeO₂ catalyst can be used for this purpose as well. Since no individual WGS stage, that is necessary in most other hydrogen production processes, is involved here, the miniaturization of the multifuel processor for hydrogen production by methanol, ethanol or DME SR is quite feasible.     

Hydrogen production by steam reforming of liquefied natural gas (LNG) over ordered mesoporous nickel–alumina catalyst

An ordered mesoporous nickel–alumina catalyst (denoted as OMNA) was prepared by a single-step evaporation-induced self-assembly method, and it was applied to the hydrogen production by steam reforming of liquefied natural gas (LNG). For comparison, a nickel catalyst supported on ordered mesoporous alumina support (denoted as Ni/OMA) was also prepared by an impregnation method. Although both Ni/OMA and OMNA catalysts retained unidimensionally ordered mesoporous structure, textural properties of the catalysts were significantly affected by the preparation method. Nickel species were finely dispersed in the OMNA catalyst as a form of surface nickel aluminate with a high degree of nickel-saturation. On the other hand, both bulk nickel oxide and surface nickel aluminate phases were formed in the network of Ni/OMA catalyst. Nickel species in the OMNA catalyst exhibited not only high reducibility but also strong resistance toward sintering during the reduction process, compared to those in the Ni/OMA catalyst. Both Ni/OMA and OMNA catalysts showed a stable catalytic performance without catalyst deactivation during the steam reforming of LNG due to the confinement effect derived from well-developed ordered mesoporous structure in the catalysts. However, OMNA catalyst with small crystallite size of metallic nickel exhibited higher LNG conversion and hydrogen yield than Ni/OMA catalyst. Furthermore, OMNA catalyst was more active in the steam reforming of LNG than non-ordered mesoporous nickel–alumina catalysts prepared by common surfactant-templating methods using cationic, anionic, and non-ionic surfactants.     

Selective hydrogen absorption from gaseous mixtures by BCC Ti-V alloys

Hydrogen absorption behaviour of the BCC Ti-V alloys has been studied as related to their potential application for the selective hydrogen absorption from mixtures with active gases containing CO and steam at high temperatures. Alloys and their hydrides were characterised using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS), Temperature Programmed Reaction (TPR) and in situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SR-XRD). BCC Ti_0.8V_0.2 and Ti_0.9V_0.1 were able to absorb 3.95 wt.% H by forming a FCC type hydride γ−(Ti,V)H₂. Nanoparticles of Pd and Pd/Pt were electroless deposited on the surface of the hydrides to catalyse hydrogen absorption. TPR tests showed that such alloys were capable of absorbing hydrogen even when substantial amounts of CO and H₂O were present in the gas stream. Nanoparticles of Pd/Pt provide a better performance as compared to Pd alone. In situ SR-XRD has been used to probe the mechanisms of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation.     

Effect of ZrO2 addition on Ni/Al2O3 catalyst to produce H2 from glycerol

In this work, ZrO₂ was employed as support and as Al₂O₃ modifier of Ni based catalysts due to its special interesting characteristics. The catalytic activity of these systems was studied in steam reforming of glycerol to produce H₂. As the activity results at 773 K and 873 K showed, the NiZ catalyst allowed low glycerol conversion and H₂ production when compared to the NiγA catalyst. Moreover, the NiZ catalyst was not able to reform intermediate liquid products into gaseous products.