钠冷行波堆TP-1瞬态安全分析

钠冷行波堆作为一种具有潜力的新堆型,正处于概念研究阶段。本工作根据TerraPower公司最新设计的钠冷行波堆TP-1的具体结构和运行工况方案,建立其一回路主要部件的物理数学模型,用Fortran语言初步开发了钠冷行波堆瞬态安全分析程序TAST,并对钠冷行波堆稳态进行计算,表明系统程序运行稳定可靠。采用TAST对失流事故和反应性引入事故进行计算,得到关键参数的瞬态变化,初步验证了钠冷行波堆在这两个事故工况下的安全性。     

Sorption Behavior of Carrier-Free Technetium-95m on Minerals,Rocks and Backfill Materials under both Oxidizing and Reducing Conditions

The sorption behavior of ^95mTc on various sorbents, including minerals, rocks and backfill materials was studied in both oxidizing (0.16 M-mol·dm^?3-NO^? ₃), reducing (0.1 M and NaBH₄) solutions. Under oxidizing condition, distribution coefficient K _d ranged from 0 to 4.5cm³·g^?1 for minerals and rocks. Under reducing condition, the values exceeded 140 cm³·g^?1 for active carbon, and ranged from 13 to 70 cm³·g^?1 for minerals and rocks, and in both cases showing a tendency to decrease with increase of coexisting salt concentration and of sorbent particle size. Similarly under reducing condition, the Freundlich sorption isotherms of Tc on active carbon and on bentonite presented a break in slope when the concentration of unsorbed Tc remaining in solution lowered to a certain level. The slopes before and after the break were more moderate on active carbon and on bentonite than on other minerals and rocks, in which case no break in slope took place on the isotherms within the range covered in the present experiment.     

Recognizing the breathing resistances of wearing respirators from respiratory and sEMG signals with artificial neural networks

This study is devoted to recognizing the breathing resistances of wearing respirators from respiratory and surface electromyography (sEMG) signals. Ten subjects were required to sit for 5 min and walk for 5 min while wearing two different models of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) and without a respirator. We recorded the sEMG signals from the respiratory muscles of the subjects, and the respiratory amplitude is also collected. Subsequently, fifteen features of the sEMG time domain and respiratory amplitude were extracted and used as input vectors to a recognition model based on artificial neural networks (ANNs). Finally, the experimental results show that these artificial neural networks are effective for recognizing different airway resistances of wearing respirators from sEMG and respiratory signals. The results also indicate that abdominal and scalene are the primary respiratory muscles affected by using N95 FFRs.Relevance to industryRespirator manufactures and administrations can readily employ this paper's findings for recognizing the breathing resistances of wearing respirators from respiratory and surface electromyography (sEMG) signals based on artificial neural networks automatically. Observations of the present study are in support of testing only the two primary muscles (abdominal and scalene) to simplify the evaluation of the effects of the breathing resistances of wearing respirators on respiratory muscles.     

ADF95: Tool for automatic differentiation of a FORTRAN code designed for large numbers of independent variables

ADF95 is a tool to automatically calculate numerical first derivatives for any mathematical expression as a function of user defined independent variables. Accuracy of derivatives is achieved within machine precision. ADF95 may be applied to any FORTRAN 77/90/95 conforming code and requires minimal changes by the user. It provides a new derived data type that holds the value and derivatives and applies forward differencing by overloading all FORTRAN operators and intrinsic functions. An efficient indexing technique leads to a reduced memory usage and a substantially increased performance gain over other available tools with operator overloading. This gain is especially pronounced for sparse systems with large number of independent variables. A wide class of numerical simulations, e.g., those employing implicit solvers, can profit from ADF95.

Program summary

Title of program:ADF95Catalogue identifier: ADVIProgram summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADVIProgram obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. IrelandComputer for which the program is designed: all platforms with a FORTRAN 95 compilerProgramming language used:FORTRAN 95No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 3103No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 9862Distribution format: tar.gzNature of problem: In many areas in the computational sciences first order partial derivatives for large and complex sets of equations are needed with machine precision accuracy. For example, any implicit or semi-implicit solver requires the computation of the Jacobian matrix, which contains the first derivatives with respect to the independent variables. ADF95 is a software module to facilitate the automatic computation of the first partial derivatives of any arbitrarily complex mathematical FORTRAN expression. The program exploits the sparsity inherited by many set of equations thereby enabling faster computations compared to alternate differentiation toolsSolution method: A class is constructed which applies the chain rule of differentiation to any FORTRAN expression, to compute the first derivatives by forward differencing. An efficient indexing technique leads to a reduced memory usage and a substantially increased performance gain when sparsity can be exploited. From a users point of view, only minimal changes to his/her original code are needed in order to compute the first derivatives of any expression in the codeRestrictions: Processor and memory hardware may restrict both the possible number of independent variables and the computation timeUnusual features:ADF95 can operate on user code that makes use of the array features introduced in FORTRAN 90. A convenient extraction subroutine for the Jacobian matrix is also providedRunning time: In many realistic cases, the evaluation of the first order derivatives of a mathematical expression is only six times slower compared to the evaluation of analytically derived and hard-coded expressions. The actual factor depends on the underlying set of equations for which derivatives are to be calculated, the number of independent variables, the sparsity and on the FORTRAN 95 compiler     

钴调节棒更换后RFSP-IST程序通量计算不确定性分析

在中核核电运行管理有限公司秦山第三核电厂（简称秦山三核）调节棒组件变更设计的物理分析中,用于堆芯计算程序RFSP-IST的钴调节棒增量截面由DRAGON产生,它的方法模型与秦山三核安全分析报告RFSAR（2007版）所采用的超栅元计算程序MULTICELL不完全相同,因此有必要对调节棒组件变更前后RFSP-IST程序通量计算不确定性进行分析。基于秦山三核1、2号机组的相关历史运行数据,采用95/95单边上限不确定性分析方法,对调节棒组件变更前后RFSP-IST程序通量计算不确定性进行分析。数值计算结果表明,调节棒组件变更设计及超栅元增量截面计算程序变更未对RFSP IST程序通量计算不确定性产生影响。     

虚拟设备驱动程序及其在视频采集卡中的应用

Windows95作为运行于32位保护模式下的操作系统,为保证系统的安全,通过屏蔽底层操作的方式将最终用户与硬件隔离开。本文结合视频采集卡的设计实例详细论述了基于Windows95平台的实时硬件控制的解决方案——虚拟设备驱动程序的基本原理和设计方法及其与Win32应用程序的接口。     

WIN95系统保护现状及探讨

在讲述国内ＷＩＮ９５系统保护现状的基础上,介绍一种ＷＩＮ９５系统的保护方案,并对其作了进一步的探讨。     

Frother function–structure relationship: Dependence of CCC95 on HLB and the H-ratio

Although the number and diversity of commercial frothers has steadily increased to meet flotation industry demands, frother selection is still mainly empirical. As part of a general structure–property study, the paper presents a correlation between the critical coalescence concentration (CCC95) and H-ratio for surfactants used as flotation frothers. The CCC95 were determined in 0.8 m³ mechanical flotation cell. The H-ratio was a substitution of hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) and determined through high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectrometry. A large data set, consisting of 45 surfactants from four frother families, was used to develop the correlation. It is shown that the H-ratio can substitute for HLB. The potential of NMR both to identify the frother family and to derive the H-ratio in predicting CCC95 for commercial frothers is discussed.     

Physiological and subjective responses to breathing resistance of N95 filtering facepiece respirators in still-sitting and walking

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of breathing resistance on physiological and subjective responses to N95 filtering facepiece respirators (N95 FFRs) during still-sitting and walking. Fifteen subjects sat for 5 min and walked for 5 min while wearing 2 different models of N95 FFRs, 1 model of which was equipped with exhalation valves (N95 FFR/EV). The subjects were monitored by a modified monitoring garment for respiratory signals (RSP) and surface electromyography (sEMG). Subjects also were asked to complete subjective ratings of overall breathing resistance. The results of the physiological measurements in this study have shown that compared with no respirator, wearing N95 FFR had a direct effect on increasing respiratory amplitude, muscle activity and fatigue of abdominal, and fatigue of scalene; The use of N95 FFR/EV conferred limited physiological benefit over N95 FFR in walking; Compared with sitting still, walking significantly decreased respiratory amplitude, but increased respiratory rate, the muscle activity of sternomastoid, scalene, diaphragm and abdominal, the fatigue of scalene and intercostal. The subjective survey showed that wearing respirators and walking had a direct effect on improving the subjective overall breathing resistance. Significantly low to moderate correlation coefficients were shown between physiological values (respiratory amplitude, the muscle activity of diaphragm, the muscle activity and fatigue of scalene and abdominal), and the subjective breathing resistance. This is the first reported study that combines RSP, sEMG and subjective overall breathing resistance to evaluate breathing resistance on the use of N95 FFR in sitting still and walking. The physiological responses to breathing resistance of wearing a N95 FFR for 5 min in still-sitting and walking are relatively small and should generally be well tolerated by healthy persons.Relevance to industryThis paper's findings can be readily employed by respirator manufactures and administrations for evaluating the respiratory muscle function (activity, fatigue) and breathing parameters of wearing N95 FFRs. Observations of present study are in support of issuing new regulations to raise the limit for breathing resistance over short periods at low-moderate exertion tasks. Thus, the manufacturers could easily fulfill the requirements for collection efficiency by adding more filter media while still meeting the requirements for air resistance.