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排序方式: 共有484条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Haliza Abdul Aziz Noor Azeerah Abas Bonnie Tay Yen Ping Zainab Idris 《Journal of surfactants and detergents》2020,23(2):251-262
The technology for transesterification reactions between methyl esters and alcohols is well established by using classical homogeneous alkaline catalysts, which provide high conversion of methyl esters to specialty or nonindigenous esters. However, in certain products where the purity of the esters is of concern, the removal of homogeneous catalysts after the completion of the reaction is a challenge in terms of production cost and water footprint. Therefore, a study to investigate the potential of heterogeneous catalysts was conducted on reactions between methyl palmitate and triethanolamine. The degree of basicity and active surface area of calcium oxide (CaO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and magnesium oxide (MgO) were first characterized by using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD-CO2) and Brunauere–Emmett–Teller (BET), respectively. Among the metal oxides investigated, the CaO catalyst showed the best catalytic activity toward the transesterification process as it gave the highest conversion of methyl palmitate and yielded fatty esteramine compositions similar to the conventional homogeneous catalyst. The optimum transesterification condition by using the CaO catalyst utilized a lower vacuum system of approximately 200 mbar, which could minimize a considerable amount of energy consumption. Furthermore, low CaO dosage of 0.1% was able to give a conversion of 94.5% methyl ester and formed esteramine at 170 °C for 2 h. Therefore, the production of esterquats from esteramine may become more economically feasible through the methyl ester route by using the CaO catalyst, which can be recycled three times. 相似文献
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3.
Per Munk Nielsen Jesper Brask Lene Fjerbaek 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2008,110(8):692-700
It is well documented in the literature that enzymatic processing of oils and fats for biodiesel is technically feasible. However, with very few exceptions, enzyme technology is not currently used in commercial‐scale biodiesel production. This is mainly due to non‐optimized process design and a lack of available cost‐effective enzymes. The technology to re‐use enzymes has typically proven insufficient for the processes to be competitive. However, literature data documenting the productivity of enzymatic biodiesel together with the development of new immobilization technology indicates that enzyme catalysts can become cost effective compared to chemical processing. This work reviews the enzymatic processing of oils and fats into biodiesel with focus on process design and economy. 相似文献
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酯交换法合成碳酸二苯酯研究进展 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
对碳酸二苯酯合成用催化剂、合成工艺、反应装置等进行了综述。认为国内应加强酯交换法合成碳酸二苯酯的基础研究 ,尽快实现其产业化 相似文献
6.
Jyh-Luen Chen Ming-Shiu Lu Hui-Min Huang Feng-Chih Chang 《Journal of Polymer Research》1996,3(3):177-184
Bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) has been incorporated into epoxy resin cured with 4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulphone (DDS) and 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM). IR spectra reveal that transesterification and transamidation occur between the carbonate group of PC and the hydroxyl group of cured epoxy resin for the DDM-cured system, and that only transesterification occurs for the DDS-cured system. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) show no evidence of phase separation in these cured systems, which is an indication of full miscibility between the bisphenol-A monomers and PC-oligomers with the copolymer network. The mechanical strength and glass transition temperature (Tg) fluctuate with PC content, whereas the flexural modulus shows a steadily increasing tendency. 相似文献
7.
L. AlexandrovaA. Cabrera M.A. HernándezM.J. Cruz M.J.M. AbadieO. Manero D. Likhatchev 《Polymer》2002,43(20):5397-5403
Kinetics of transesterification reaction in poly(ethylene terephthalate)-poly(ethylene naphthalate 2,6-dicarboxylate), PET-PEN, blends resulting from melt processing was simulated using model compounds of ethylene dibenzoate (BEB) and ethylene dinaphthoate (NEN). The exchange reaction between BEB and NEN was followed by 1H NMR spectroscopy using signals from the aliphatic protons of ethylene glycol moieties at 4.66 and 4.78 ppm, respectively. The first-order kinetics was established under pseudo-first-order conditions for both reactants. Thus, the overall transesterification reaction was second order reversible. The reversibility was confirmed experimentally by heating a mixed sequence of 1-benzoate 2-naphthoate ethylene (BEN) under similar conditions. Both forward reaction of the equimolar amounts of the reagents and reverse reaction came to equilibrium at the same molar ratio of the reactants and reaction products of roughly 0.25:0.50:0.25 for BEB, BEN, and NEN, respectively. The rate equation for the transesterification reaction in the model system was modified using half-concentration of BEN, which is the only effective in the intermolecular exchange. Direct ester-ester exchange was deduced as a prevailing mechanism for the transesterification reaction under the conditions studied, and the values of equilibrium and rate constants, as well as other basic thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were determined. The use of Zn(OAc)2 as a catalyst resulted in a significant decrease in the activation enthalpy of transesterification, which might be due to the partial switch of the reaction mechanism from primarily pseudo-homolytic to more heterolytic where ZnII acts as a Lewis base which binds to the ester carbonyl oxygen. 相似文献
8.
Fatty acid methyl esters, derived from vegetable oils or animal fats and better known as biodiesel, have received considerable attention because of their environmental benefits and the limited resources of fossil fuels. Most biodiesel is usually produced by the transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol in the presence of a catalyst. This study reports on the preliminary results of using alkaline earth metal-doped zinc oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil. The highest catalytic activity was obtained with ZnO loaded with 2.5 mmol Sr(NO3)2/g, followed by calcination at 873 K for 5 h. When the transesterification reaction was carried out at reflux of methanol (338 K), with a 12:1 molar ratio of methanol to soybean oil and a catalyst amount of 5 wt.%, the conversion of soybean oil was 94.7%. Besides, tetrahydrofuran (THF), when used as a co-solvent, could increase the conversion up to 96.8%. However, the recovered catalyst exhibited the lower catalytic activity with a conversion of soybean oil of 15.4%. Furthermore, DTA-TG, IR and the Hammett indicator method were employed for the catalyst characterizations. 相似文献
9.
以废弃鸡蛋壳为原料制得固体碱催化剂,催化大豆油与甲醇的酯交换来制备生物柴油。利用热重分析仪、低温氮气吸附脱附仪等对制备的催化剂进行了表征。实验结果表明:950℃下焙烧3.0h制得的催化剂活性最佳。制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为:醇油物质的量比10∶1、催化剂质量分数为3.0%、反应时间3.0h。在最佳工艺条件下,生物柴油收率可达98.9%。对催化剂的稳定性做了进一步研究,实验结果表明:制备的催化剂在重复使用13次以上,仍保持了较高的催化活性,生物柴油收率可达到98%以上。 相似文献
10.
固体碱氧化钙催化蓖麻油酯交换制备生物柴油 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
制备了固体碱氧化钙催化剂,并用XRD技术、低温氮气吸附-脱附技术对其进行了表征。对固体碱氧化钙催化蓖麻油酯交换制备生物柴油进行了研究。考察了反应温度、醇油摩尔比、催化剂质量分数及反应时间对甲酯收率的影响。在反应温度为65℃、醇油摩尔比为9:1、催化剂质量分数为1.5%、反应时间为2.5h的优化工艺条件下,甲酯收率平均可达92%。用气相色谱法对产品进行了分析,甲酯质量分数为97.6%。产品后处理简单,对环境无污染且催化剂可活化再生,重复使用。 相似文献