Effect of the micro porous layer design on the dynamic performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

The mass transport characteristics of a gas diffusion layer (GDL) predominantly affect the performance of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. However, studies examining the transient response related to the GDL are insufficient, although the dynamic behavior of a PEM fuel cell is an important issue. In this study, the effects of the design of a micro porous layer (MPL) on the transient response of a PEM fuel cell are investigated. The MPL slurry density and multiple functional layers are treated as the variable design parameter. The results show that the transient response is determined by the capillary pressure gradient through the GDL. The trade-off relation for the PEM fuel cell performance under low and high humidity conditions due to the hydrophobic GDL is mitigated by designing a reverse capillary pressure gradient in the MPL.     

Low-temperature H2-SCR of NO on a novel Pt/MgO-CeO2 catalyst

The selective catalytic reduction of NO by H₂ under strongly oxidizing conditions (H₂-SCR) in the low-temperature range of 100–200 °C has been studied over Pt supported on a series of metal oxides (e.g., La₂O₃, MgO, Y₂O₃, CaO, CeO₂, TiO₂, SiO₂ and MgO-CeO₂). The Pt/MgO and Pt/CeO₂ solids showed the best catalytic behavior with respect to N₂ yield and the widest temperature window of operation compared with the other single metal oxide-supported Pt solids. An optimum 50 wt% MgO-50wt% CeO₂ support composition and 0.3 wt% Pt loading (in the 0.1–2.0 wt% range) were found in terms of specific reaction rate of N₂ production (mols N₂/g_cat s). High NO conversions (70–95%) and N₂ selectivities (80–85%) were also obtained in the 100–200 °C range at a GHSV of 80,000 h⁻¹ with the lowest 0.1 wt% Pt loading and using a feed stream of 0.25 vol% NO, 1 vol% H₂, 5 vol% O₂ and He as balance gas. Addition of 5 vol% H₂O in the latter feed stream had a positive influence on the catalytic performance and practically no effect on the stability of the 0.1 wt% Pt/MgO-CeO₂ during 24 h on reaction stream. Moreover, the latter catalytic system exhibited a high stability in the presence of 25–40 ppm SO₂ in the feed stream following a given support pretreatment. N₂ selectivity values in the 80–85% range were obtained over the 0.1 wt% Pt/MgO-CeO₂ catalyst in the 100–200 °C range in the presence of water and SO₂ in the feed stream. The above-mentioned results led to the obtainment of patents for the commercial exploitation of Pt/MgO-CeO₂ catalyst towards a new NO_x control technology in the low-temperature range of 100–200 °C using H₂ as reducing agent. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of NO, and transient titration of the adsorbed surface intermediate NO_x species with H₂ experiments, following reaction, have revealed important information towards the understanding of basic mechanistic issues of the present catalytic system (e.g., surface coverage, number and location of active NO_x intermediate species, NO_x spillover).     

Assessing the public health risk of microbial intrusion events in distribution systems: conceptual model, available data, and challenges

Low and negative pressure events in drinking water distribution systems have the potential to result in intrusion of pathogenic microorganisms if an external source of contamination is present (e.g., nearby leaking sewer main) and there is a pathway for contaminant entry (e.g., leaks in drinking water main). While the public health risk associated with such events is not well understood, quantitative microbial risk assessment can be used to estimate such risk. A conceptual model is provided and the state of knowledge, current assumptions, and challenges associated with the conceptual model parameters are presented. This review provides a characterization of the causes, magnitudes, durations and frequencies of low/negative pressure events; pathways for pathogen entry; pathogen occurrence in external sources of contamination; volumes of water that may enter through the different pathways; fate and transport of pathogens from the pathways of entry to customer taps; pathogen exposure to populations consuming the drinking water; and risk associated with pathogen exposure.     

裂纹转子识别中Wigner-Ville分布与小波变换的比较

建立基于简单铰链裂纹模型的裂纹转子瞬态响应的动力学模型，得到裂纹转子与无裂纹转子的数值仿真解，比较裂纹转子与无裂纹转子Wigner-Ville分布和小波变换时频特性的不同。数值仿真进一步对比研究Wigner-Ville分布和小波变换对刚度变化的敏感性，并讨论质量偏心和质量偏心角对Wigner-Ville时频特性与小波时频特性的影响，为工程实际中裂纹转子的识别提供依据。     

基于随机共振的瞬变电磁全区视电阻率反演方法

通过深入研究均匀半空间瞬变电磁法解析式迭代法的特点,总结出“龙格”多解和系统受噪声污染产生的多解在物理表现形式上是统一的,因此引入随机共振算法来消除“龙格”多解现象。试验结果表明,此反演方法有效地解决了TEM全区视电阻率迭代算法反演时的多解现象,并且具有较高的反演精度。     

往复压缩机轴系扭振有限元分析

某6列往复压缩机因曲轴扭振,出现烧连杆瓦和断轴现象,调整压缩机曲轴转速及行程后,问题得到解决。利用Ansys有限元软件,建立调整前、后轴系有限元模型,分别对各轴系进行模态和瞬态动力分析。结果发现,轴系第1列曲柄销上节点振幅共振时远大于第6列,在压缩机第1、2列连杆瓦处产生冲击载荷的可能性很大,从理论上揭示曲轴多次在第2列曲柄根部断裂的原因;在同等共振状态下,压缩机行程的减小与曲柄振幅的降低成非线性关系得到确认。     

连杆动态应力有限元仿真分析

以某一内燃机连杆为研究对象,基于瞬态响应特性分析理论,运用APDL语言建立连杆的几何模型及有限元模型,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS 10.0进行瞬态响应分析,得出特定工况下连杆等效动应力的分布区域和变化规律.分析过程中,借助于数据表进行包括惯性载荷在内的动载荷施加,使得仿真程度更高,结果更精确.研究结果表明,最大等效动应力发生在正面小头与杆身过度处,此处是动强度最薄弱的地方.     

Leak detection in pipe using transient flow and genetic algorithm

An inverse transient method with genetic algorithm (GA) was applied to leak detection in pipeline. Transient flow caused by valve operation was calculated using the characteristics method. The location and discharge of leak were determined so that the difference of the calculated pressure may be minimized from the reference pressure calculated under a given leak condition. Calculations were done for the leak at one and two locations in pipeline. Furthermore, the effect of noise in pressure data was discussed, and the leak locations and leak discharges can be predicted precisely even in the case of noisy data. This paper was presented at the 9^th Asian International Conference on Fluid Machinery (AICFM9), Jeju Korea, October 16–19, 2007.     

车轮踏面制动的热-机耦合数值模拟

重载列车车轮踏面制动是一个复杂的动态接触热-机耦合问题,介绍了热-机耦合问题的求解方法,并利用有限元分析软件ANSYS对提速货车的单闸瓦踏面制动过程进行了紧急制动工况的数值仿真,定量地给出了车轮踏面温度和应力随时间的变化规律,为研究车轮踏面热疲劳提供了理论依据.     

大温变率流场中特种温度变送器的研制

在还原性气氛流场瞬变温度测量中,过去一般采用全铠装式或接壳式热电偶,很难实现毫秒级的时间常数,新研制的大温变率流场中特种变送器,由镍铬-镍硅的偶丝裸露式极微细热电偶,及放大电路、冷端补偿电路和超量程限幅电路等组成的仪表放大器2部分构成,首次应用在还原性气氛流场温度测量中,获得了满足试验要求的毫秒级时间常数,其中,以精密电压基准LM385为核心器件的热电偶冷端补偿电路,在0℃-40℃环境温度范围内补偿,温度附加误差为0.2%,提高了系统测量精度。